1. Parliamentary Procedures & Majorities

Effective Majority is required in specific removal cases:

• Article 67(b) → Removal of Vice President
• Article 90(c) → Removal of Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha
• Article 94(c) → Removal of Speaker & Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha

Calling Attention Motion

• It is an Indian innovation (since 1954) in parliamentary procedure.
• Unique to India, not found in other parliamentary systems.
• It is a formally prescribed device mentioned in Rules of Procedure (unlike Zero Hour).
• Example: Rule 54 (Delhi Assembly Rules)

2. Parliamentary Committees & Institutions

• Estimates Committee → Constituted on recommendation of John Mathai Committee

3. Constitutional Provisions (Special Articles & Amendments)

Special Provisions

• Article 371D → Special provisions for Andhra Pradesh & Telangana

Panchayati Raj Disqualification

(Article 243F and related provisions)

A person is disqualified if:

• Disqualified under state legislature election laws
• Disqualified under state laws specific to Panchayat elections

Article Classification (Important Ranges)

• 243–243(O) → Panchayati Raj
• 124–147 → Judiciary
• 324–329 → Electoral System
• 308–323 → Services under Centre & States

4. Constitutional Bodies & Committees

Sarkaria Commission

• Established: June 1983
• Report submitted: January 1988
• 3-member commission

Important Committees (Panchayati Raj)

• Balwantrai Mehta Committee (1957) → Three-tier system (ZP, PS, GP)
• Ashok Mehta Committee (1977) → Two-tier system
• G. V. K. Rao Committee (1985) → District Development Commissioner
• L. M. Singhvi Committee (1986) → Constitutional status to PRIs

Thungon Committee (1988)

• Mentioned (important for Centre-State relations context)

5. Planning & Federal Institutions

• Planning Commission → 1950
• National Development Council (NDC) → 1952
  • Chief Ministers are ex-officio members
  • Now functionally replaced by NITI Aayog Governing Council
• Inter-State Council → 1985

6. Executive & President Powers

Article 74(1)

• Before 42nd Amendment → Advice of Council of Ministers not clearly binding
• After 42nd Amendment (1976) → President shall act according to advice (binding)

Emergency Provision

• President can declare emergency only on written advice of Union Cabinet

President’s Veto (Important Case)

• 1986 → President Giani Zail Singh
• Used Pocket Veto
• Bill: Indian Post Office (Amendment) Bill

7. Legislative Powers & Procedures

Article 368 (Constitutional Amendment)

• Introduced in either House
• Passed by Special Majority
  • 2/3 present & voting + 50% of total membership
• No Joint Sitting
• President bound to give assent

Article 3

• Parliament has power to alter name, area, boundary of states

8. Elections & Representation

President Election Formula

• Vote value of MLA =
  Population / (Total elected MLAs × 1000)

Rajya Sabha

• President nominates 12 members

State-wise Rajya Sabha Seats

• Tamil Nadu → 18
• Maharashtra → 19
• Chhattisgarh → 5
• West Bengal → 16

9. Judiciary

Original Jurisdiction (Supreme Court)

• Disputes between:
  • Centre and States
  • Two or more States

Restrictions

• Election disputes → Parliament / High Court
• Union Territory disputes → Administrative framework

Article 124(7)

• Retired Supreme Court Judge:
  • Cannot practice in any court or authority in India

Article 133

• Appeal to Supreme Court allowed only if:
  • Substantial question of law involved

10. Financial Provisions

Finance Bill

• Under Article 110
• Classified as Money Bill

Union Budget

• Under Article 112
• Called Annual Financial Statement

Women Finance Ministers

• Indira Gandhi → First woman FM
• Nirmala Sitharaman → First full-time woman FM

11. Panchayati Raj System

73rd Amendment Act, 1992

Established three-tier system:

• Zila Parishad (District)
• Panchayat Samiti (Block)
• Gram Panchayat (Village)

12. Criminal Law Reform

• Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023
  • Replaced IPC, 1860
  • Effective from 1 July 2024
  • Hindi name: Bharatiya Dand Sanhita

13. Consumer Protection Act, 2019

Structure

• National Commission → Headed by SC Judge
• State Commission → Headed by HC Judge
• District Commission
  • President + minimum 2 members
  • At least one woman

Complaint Limitation

• Must be filed within 2 years

Consumer Mediation Cell (Section 74(4))

Maintains:

• List of mediators
• Case records
• Proceedings
• Other prescribed information

14. Legal Metrology Act, 2009

• Company can nominate any Director
• Second offence penalty → Fine up to ₹50,000
• Central Government appoints:
  • Director of Legal Metrology
  • Other officers for inter-state trade regulation

15. Other Key Facts

• Trade and Economic Relations Committee (TERC) → Headed by Prime Minister
• Mahatma Gandhi returned Kaiser-i-Hind Medal (1920) during Non-Cooperation Movement

FINAL REVISION POINTERS (VERY IMPORTANT)

• Effective Majority → Removal cases (VP, Speaker, Deputy Chairman)
• Calling Attention Motion → Formal + Rule-based (NOT like Zero Hour)
• Pocket Veto → Only once (1986)
• Article 368 → No Joint Sitting + Mandatory assent
• 73rd Amendment → 3-tier PRIs
• BNS 2023 → Replaced IPC (2024)

ECONOMY & ECONOMIC THOUGHT – CONSOLIDATED NOTES (UPSC CAPF 2025)

1. Important Economists & Their Works

• John Maynard Keynes authored “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”, which laid the foundation of modern macroeconomics and emphasized the role of government intervention in demand management.
• Paul Samuelson wrote “Foundations of Economic Analysis”, which introduced mathematical methods into economic theory.
• Amartya Sen authored “Collective Choice and Social Welfare”, focusing on welfare economics, social justice, and decision-making.
• Abhijit Banerjee & Esther Duflo wrote “Poor Economics”, which uses empirical research to understand poverty and policy interventions.

2. Economic Systems & Concepts

A mixed economy is an economic system characterized by the coexistence of both public and private sectors, where government and private enterprises both participate in economic activities.As economic development increases, the share of the tertiary (service) sector in national income increases, reflecting a shift from agriculture and manufacturing to services like IT, finance, and healthcare.

3. Global Economic Platforms

The World Social Forum (WSF) was established in 2001 as a global civil society platform. It acts as an open meeting space to discuss alternatives to neo-liberal globalization and is considered a counter-event to the World Economic Forum (Davos).

4. Population Distribution (India)

• Uttar Pradesh → ~17% of India’s population
• Bihar → ~9% of India’s population

Together, these two states account for approximately 25% of India’s population.

5. Balance of Payments (BoP)

Current Account Includes:

• Trade in goods (exports & imports)
• Trade in services (tourism, IT, transport)
• Primary income (wages, interest, dividends)
• Secondary income (remittances, gifts)

Capital Account Transactions:

• FDI inflows
• Portfolio investments
• External borrowings
• Debt repayment
• Foreign asset transactions
• Changes in forex reserves

6. Trade & Tariff Reforms

India’s average tariff rate declined significantly from 48.9% (around 2000) to 17.3% (2024), reflecting trade liberalization and globalization policies.

7. Five-Year Plans

The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–97) was delayed due to political instability and economic crisis.

• Instead, Annual Plans (1990–91 & 1991–92) were implemented.
• Finally launched in April 1992.

8. Infrastructure & Development Programs

• Bharatmala Pariyojana aims to develop 26,000 km of economic corridors to improve logistics and freight movement.
• Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY)
  • Launched: 25 September 2014
  • Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development
  • Objective: Skill development & employment for rural youth

9. Industrial & Administrative Bodies

• Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
  • Established: 1995 (as DIPP)
  • Renamed: January 2019

10. Industrial & Economic Indicators

• Index of Core Industries (ICI) base year → 2011–12
• GDP CAGR (2005–2019) → ~7%

11. Energy & Infrastructure

• Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission launched during Manmohan Singh tenure
• Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) monitors 11 infrastructure sectors via IPMD

12. Social & Welfare Schemes

• Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana
  • Launched: 25 September 2017
  • Objective: Universal electrification
• SHREYAS Scheme
  • Launched: 27 February 2019
  • Objective: Industry-linked apprenticeship & employability

13. Fiscal & Taxation

• First Finance Minister → R. K. Shanmukham Chetty
• First Union Budget → 26 November 1947
• GST Concept Origin
  • First implemented in France (1954) by Maurice Lauré
  • Proposed in India: 2006–07 Budget (P. Chidambaram)
  • Implemented: 2017
• Railway Budget merger → 2017–18

14. Industrial & Legal Framework

• Oil and Natural Gas Commission
  • Directorate: 1955
  • Commission: 1956
  • Statutory status: 1959
• Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) → 2016
• Competition Act → 2002
• Employees’ State Insurance Act (ESIC) → 1948

15. Manufacturing & Policy Targets

• National Manufacturing Policy (NMP)target:
  • Industrial growth → 12–14%
  • Manufacturing share → 25% of GDP
  • Employment → 100 million jobs

16. Bihar Economy (Special Focus)

• Dominant industry → Foodgrain Processing Industry
• Land bank → Managed by Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority, corpus → ₹2,500 crore
• Renewable energy share (2015) → 2.3%
• Cereal growth (2010–15 CAGR) → ~5.65%

17. Indian Economic Thought

• Ram Manohar Lohia → Criticized per capita income as insufficient indicator
• Jayaprakash Narayan → Proposed Sarvodaya Plan (1950)
• Vakil–Brahmananda Model (1956)
  • Focus: Wage goods strategy
  • Alternative to Mahalanobis Model

18. Budget & Fiscal Data

• Budget 2020–21
  • Receipts → ₹19.32 lakh crore
  • Expenditure → ₹26.99 lakh crore
  • Agricultural credit target → ₹15 lakh crore
• GeM target → ₹3 lakh crore
• Tax-GDP Ratio (2019–20)
  • Indirect tax → 4.70%
  • Direct tax → ~4.69%

19. Infrastructure Planning

• National Infrastructure Pipeline
  • Launched: 2019

20. Consumer Protection & Trade Practices

• UN Guidelines for Consumer Protection → 16 April 1985
• Restricted Trade Practice
  • Includes price manipulation
  • Restricts competition & supply flow

21. Legal Metrology

• Base unit of mass → Kilogram

FINAL REVISION POINTERS (VERY IMPORTANT)

• WSF (2001) → Counter to WEF
• UP + Bihar = ~25% population
• Current Account = Goods + Services + Income + Transfers
• Tariff ↓ from 48.9% → 17.3%
• GST origin → France (1954)
• IBC → 2016
• Saubhagya → 2017
• NIP → 2019
• ICI base year → 2011–12