| Physics | Temperature | Thermometer / Thermocouple | Heat or temperature | °C / K |
| Pressure | Barometer / Manometer | Atmospheric or gas pressure | Pa / atm |
| Humidity | Hygrometer | Moisture content in air | % |
| Electric Current | Ammeter | Flow of electric charge | A (Ampere) |
| Voltage | Voltmeter | Electric potential difference | V (Volt) |
| Resistance | Ohmmeter | Electrical resistance | Ω (Ohm) |
| Magnetic Field | Magnetometer | Magnetic intensity | Tesla (T) / Gauss |
| Sound | Sound Level Meter / Decibel Meter | Sound intensity / loudness | dB |
| Light Intensity | Photometer / Lux Meter | Illuminance or brightness | Lux (lx) |
| Viscosity | Viscometer | Resistance of fluid flow | Pa·s |
| Force | Dynamometer | Magnitude of force | N (Newton) |
| Motion / Acceleration | Accelerometer | Acceleration of an object | m/s² |
| Chemistry | pH of solution | pH Meter / Litmus Paper | Acidity / alkalinity | pH (unitless) |
| Gas volume | Gas Syringe / Eudiometer | Volume of gas produced/consumed | L / m³ |
| Gas pressure | Manometer | Pressure of gas | Pa / atm |
| Concentration | Spectrophotometer / Colorimeter | Concentration of solute | mol/L / g/L |
| Reaction heat | Calorimeter | Heat released or absorbed | J / cal |
| Conductivity | Conductivity Meter | Ionic conductivity of solution | S/m |
| Dissolved gases | DO Meter | Oxygen content in water | mg/L |
| Environmental Science | Air pollution | Air Quality Monitor / PM2.5 Sensor | Particulate matter, CO, NO₂, SO₂ | µg/m³ / ppm |
| Water quality | pH Meter, Turbidity Meter, DO Meter | Acidity, clarity, oxygen content | pH, NTU, mg/L |
| Soil moisture | Tensiometer | Water content in soil | % / kPa |
| Soil composition | Soil pH Meter / Spectrometer | Nutrients, pH, contamination | pH, mg/kg |
| Radiation | Geiger Counter | Radioactive contamination | Bq / Ci |
| Noise pollution | Sound Level Meter | Decibels in environment | dB |
| Climate data | Weather Station | Temperature, rainfall, wind speed, humidity | °C, mm, m/s, % |
| Biology / Life Science | Microorganisms | Microscope | Cell structure, bacteria, fungi | — (visual) |
| Heart rate | ECG / Stethoscope | Heart activity / beats per minute | bpm |
| Blood pressure | Sphygmomanometer | Blood pressure | mmHg |
| Blood sugar | Glucometer | Glucose level in blood | mg/dL / mmol/L |
| Enzyme activity | Spectrophotometer | Reaction rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions | U/mL (units per mL) |
| Population of organisms | Quadrant / Transect Method | Density of plants / animals | individuals/m² |
| Respiration | Respirometer | Oxygen consumption / CO₂ release | mL O₂/min |
| Genetic material | Gel Electrophoresis | DNA / RNA separation | bp (base pair) |
| Protein concentration | Biuret Test / Spectrophotometer | Protein amount in sample | mg/mL |
| Geology / Earth Science | Earthquake | Seismograph / Seismometer | Records seismic waves and vibrations | Richter scale / m/s |
| Earthquake Magnitude | Richter Scale / Moment Magnitude Scale | Strength of earthquake | Magnitude (unitless) |
| Volcanic Activity | Tiltmeter | Ground deformation near volcano | mm / degrees |
| Volcanic Gas Emission | COSPEC | Measures sulfur dioxide gas | ppm / mg/m³ |
| Tsunami | DART Buoy System | Detects tsunami waves | m (wave height) |
| Plate Movement | GPS Geodetic Instruments | Tectonic plate movement | mm/year |
| Landslide Movement | Inclinometer | Slope movement | degrees / mm |
| Soil Moisture | Tensiometer | Soil water tension | kPa |
| Groundwater Level | Piezometer | Underground water pressure | m / kPa |
| Rock Layer Orientation | Brunton Compass | Strike and dip of rocks | degrees |
| Magnetic Field of Earth | Magnetometer | Magnetic intensity of rocks | Tesla / Gauss |
| Gravity Variations | Gravimeter | Gravitational field variations | m/s² or Gal |
| Ocean Depth | Echo Sounder / Sonar | Sea floor depth | m |
| Wind Speed | Anemometer | Wind velocity | m/s or km/h |
| Rainfall | Rain Gauge | Precipitation | mm |