| Shifting Cultivation | Country / Region | Notes / Exam Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Roca | Brazil | Latin America |
| Roca | Thailand | Southeast Asia |
| Tamrai | Venezuela | Latin America |
| Conuco | Brazil | Amazon Basin Health Crisis: Illegal mining in Conuco plots led to high mercury levels, making traditional shifting cultivation unsafe for some Amazonian tribes in 2025. |
| Conuco | Venezuela | Latin America |
| Ladang | Malaysia, Indonesia | Conflict with EV Mining: Indigenous shifting plots on Halmahera Island are being cleared for nickel mining (for EV batteries) as of late 2025. |
| Milpa | Mexico | 2025 UNESCO Recognition: Increased advocacy for the Milpa system as a "Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System" (GIAHS). |
| Chena | Sri Lanka | Climate Adaptation: Government reports in 2025 highlighted Chena as more resilient to the "Triple Dip" drought cycles than permanent irrigation. |
| Ray | Myanmar | Southeast Asia |
| Jhum / Jhumming | Northeast India (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur) | Common in UPSC/BPSC questions |
| Kaingin | Philippines | Tropical forest regions |
| Masole | Africa (Congo, Cameroon) | Tropical Africa |
| Slash-and-Burn | (DRC) | Conflict Displacement: Armed conflict (M23) in 2024–25 forced thousands of shifting cultivators out of forest reserves, leading to food crises. |