101st to 106th Constitutional Amendments (India)

101st to 106th Constitutional Amendments (India)

1. 101st Amendment Act, 2016
   • Introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
   • Passed by Parliament and states; came into effect on 1st July 2017.
   • Unified indirect taxation across India, replacing multiple state and central taxes.
2. 102nd Amendment Act, 2018
   • Granted Constitutional status to the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC).
   • Relieved the National Commission for SCs from functions regarding backward classes.
   • Empowered the President to specify socially and educationally backward classes (SEBCs) in states/UTs.
3. 103rd Amendment Act, 2019
   • Introduced 10% reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in education and government jobs.
   • State can make special provisions for EWS advancement.
   • EWS certificate is required to avail benefits.
   • Applies in addition to existing reservations; excludes minority educational institutions.
4. 104th Amendment Act, 2020
   • Extended cessation of reserved seats for SC/ST in Lok Sabha and state assemblies from 70 to 80 years.
   • Abolished reserved seats for Anglo-Indian community in Parliament and state assemblies.
5. 105th Amendment Act, 2020
   • Restored power of state governments and UTs to identify and recognize SEBCs.
   • Came into effect on 15th August 2021.
6. 106th Amendment Act, 2020 (Women’s Reservation Act)
   • Reserves 1/3 of seats in Lok Sabha and state assemblies for women.
   • Passed in September 2023; received President’s assent on 28th September 2023.