BHASHINI Initiative was launched in July 2022 under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) with the objective of enabling translation across 22 Indian languages and promoting digital inclusion and accessibility. It is built on Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and cloud-based infrastructure, providing services like text translation (Anuvaad), video translation (Chitraanuvaad), document translation (Lekhaanuvaad), and speech-to-speech translation (Vaanianuvaad). It functions as a national language infrastructure enabling real-time translation, speech-to-text, and text-to-speech services, supporting governance from Parliament (Sansad Bhashini) to Panchayat-level administration.A major development is that Tripura became the first North-Eastern state to sign an MoU with the Digital India BHASHINI Division (DIBD). Additionally, Mizoram and Bihar have also signed MoUs, expanding its implementation.
The deployment of BHASHINI during the Maha Kumbh 2025 at Prayagraj demonstrated its scalability in large-scale governance. It enabled multilingual announcements in 11 languages, AI chatbot “Kumbh Sah’AI’yak”, navigation assistance, and emergency communication integrated with the 112 helpline. It also supported a digital lost-and-found system, proving the role of language AI in managing mass public events efficiently.
The collaboration between DIBD and Government of Bihar focuses on AI-based transliteration of the Kaithi script into Devanagari. It aims at digitisation of land and cadastral records, improving accessibility for raiyats (citizens) and survey officials. The initiative also includes digitisation of historical manuscripts, voice-to-text governance solutions, and expansion across departments, marking a step toward heritage preservation using AI.
The ecosystem is strengthened through initiatives like the BHASHINI Samanvay Hackathon Outreach (Bengaluru), involving collaboration with REVA University, NASSCOM AI, Microsoft, and EkStep Foundation. Major hackathons include Startup Velocity 2.0, Domain Innovation Challenge, SANRAKSHAN Challenge, and LEAP (Law Enforcement AI), promoting innovation in multilingual AI solutions.
BharatGen focuses on developing text-to-text and text-to-speech AI models using datasets from SPPEL and Sanchika repository. It recently received ₹988 crore funding under the IndiaAI Mission, with allocation of 13,642 Nvidia GPUs, aiming to build models up to 1 trillion parameters, strengthening India’s sovereign AI capabilities.
VoicERA, launched in 2026 by MeitY, is an open-source, modular, interoperable voice AI stack built on the BHASHINI infrastructure. It enables voice-based governance services including agriculture advisories, education support, and grievance redressal. Its development reflects a multi-stakeholder model involving MeitY, DIBD, EkStep Foundation, IIIT Bengaluru (COSS), AI4Bharat, and IIT Madras.
AI Kosh acts as a national repository with 323 datasets and 159 AI models, supporting multilingual AI research and innovation. It also enables access to Parliamentary debates in multiple languages, enhancing transparency and inclusivity.
Adi-Vaani focuses on tribal language preservation, supporting languages like Santali, Bhili, Mundari, and Gondi, enabling real-time translation and cultural preservation through AI.
The Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysuru, established on 17 July 1969, plays a key role in language preservation.
The iGOT (Integrated Government Online Training) Karmayogi platform, developed under Mission Karmayogi by DoPT, provides capacity building for civil servants. It has 1.48 crore+ users, 4200+ courses, and supports 23 languages, aligning with multilingual governance goals.
The BIPPP-2025 aims to attract investment, generate employment, and retain youth within Bihar. It targets 1 crore jobs in 5 years, offers interest subvention up to ₹40 crore, and capital subsidy up to 30%. Land incentives include 10 acres free for ₹100 crore investments and 25 acres for ₹1000 crore investments, with special provisions for Fortune 500 companies.
At Suzuki Motor plant, Hansalpur (Ahmedabad), two milestones were achieved: the global launch of the “e VITARA” Battery Electric Vehicle and the start of hybrid battery electrode production in India, marking progress in EV ecosystem development.
Researchers at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali developed a nanotechnology-based biosensor for early detection of Parkinson’s disease, even before symptoms appear. In nanotechnology history, Richard Feynman is regarded as the father of nanotechnology for his lecture “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom”, while Norio Taniguchi coined the term in 1974.India has also upgraded four Technology Innovation Hubs into Technology Translation Research Parks (TTRPs) at IIT Indore, IISc Bangalore, IIT Kanpur, and IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, strengthening research-to-industry translation.
India has emerged as the world’s largest rice producer (2024–25), with production rising from ~40 million tonnes (1969–70) to ~150 million tonnes, contributing ~28% of global output, highlighting agricultural growth and food security strength.
The 11th India International Science Festival (IISF) 2025 will be held in Panchkula, Haryana (06–09 December 2025) under the theme “Vigyan Se Samruddhi: for Aatmanirbhar Bharat”. Launched in 2015, it includes 150+ sessions across domains like AI, Quantum Technology, Bio-economy, Gene Editing, and Space. The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) is the lead ministry, with IITM Pune as coordinating agency.
Citizenship provisions:
Under the Citizenship Act, 1955, provisions include:
The International Conference on Dam Safety (ICDS) 2026 concluded in Bengaluru. In the context of dam-related current affairs, Baglihar Dam is situated on the Chenab River. Another important associated point is that flood-induced disruption at the Baglihar Dam and the launch of a major tender for the Sawalkot Hydroelectric Project brought the Chenab basin into focus. Under the Indus Waters Treaty framework, the Western Rivers — Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab — are allocated to Pakistan, though India is allowed limited use.A key structural fact noted is about a major dam-related feature described as approximately 5 km long and 50 m high, holding nearly 89% of the reservoir’s live storage, and being counted among the largest saddle dams globally.
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) in India is a non-statutory, administrative policy, meaning it is not legally enforceable. MSP is revised twice a year — once in June for Kharif crops and once in October for Rabi crops. The process of fixation involves recommendation by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), while the final approval is given by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA).There is no fixed maximum limit on MSP, but it is indirectly constrained by factors such as the government’s fiscal burden, inflation concerns, WTO subsidy rules, and overall market balance. The MSP framework has been followed in the form of the present formula since the Union Budget 2018–19.The MSP crop basket includes Cereals (7), Pulses (5), Oilseeds (7), and Commercial Crops (3). The MSP ecosystem is further strengthened by schemes such as Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay Sanrakshan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA), especially its Price Support Scheme (PSS).
The MSP system is based on different agricultural cost concepts. A2 includes the actual paid-out costs incurred by the farmer. FL refers to the imputed value of family labour. C2 is a broader concept that includes rent on owned land and interest on owned capital.
Among all crops, the highest absolute increase in MSP was recorded for Nigerseed, rising from ₹3650 in 2015–16 to ₹9537 in 2025–26, an increase of ₹5887. The highest percentage increase was seen in Ragi, whose MSP rose from ₹1650 in 2015–16 to ₹4886 in 2025–26, marking an increase of about 196%.For major crops, Wheat increased from ₹1525 in 2015–16 to ₹2585 in 2026–27, showing a rise of ₹1060, or about 69.5%. Paddy (Common) increased from ₹1410 in 2015–16 to ₹2369 in 2025–26, showing a rise of ₹959, or about 68%. In the case of Cotton, Medium Staple rose from ₹3800 to ₹7710, an increase of ₹3910, or around 103%, while Long Staple rose from ₹4100 to ₹8110, an increase of ₹4010, or around 98%.
A major criticism of the MSP system is that it encourages monocropping, creates regional imbalance, and contributes to groundwater depletion, particularly because MSP-backed crops such as paddy and wheat are water-intensive.
A revision in floating rate loan norms allows banks to reduce spreads earlier, thereby enabling borrowers to benefit more quickly from favourable market conditions. Another important reform is the provision of an optional switch to fixed interest rates, which adds flexibility and reduces uncertainty in EMI-based loans.Further, the expansion of eligibility beyond jewellers to include industrial users of gold widens credit access and supports sectors such as manufacturing and exports.
Karyokinesis refers specifically to the division of a cell’s nucleus, and it forms a crucial part of cell division in both mitotic and meiotic processes. Viviparous animals are those that give birth to live young ones rather than laying eggs. Silverfish is a wingless insect belonging to Phylum Arthropoda and Class Insecta.
Baking soda, or sodium bicarbonate, is prepared through the Solvay Process, which involves the reaction of ammonia, carbon dioxide, and water with sodium chloride. The reactions given are:NH3 + H2O + CO2 → NH4HCO3
NH4HCO3 + NaCl → NaHCO3 + NH4ClThese reactions explain the production pathway of sodium bicarbonate in industrial chemistry.
The Tungabhadra River is the largest tributary of the Krishna River, while the Bhima River is the longest tributary of the Krishna. The Mekedatu balancing reservoir project is associated with the Cauvery River.For the Godavari River, the Pranhita River is regarded as the largest tributary, while the Manjira River is considered the longest tributary. In the case of the Kaveri (Cauvery) River, the Hemavati River is generally treated as the largest tributary, and the Amaravati River as the longest tributary.The Chenab River is described as the largest tributary of the Indus River, while the Sutlej River is treated as the longest tributary of the Indus. The Subansiri River is both the largest and longest tributary of the Brahmaputra River. The Seonath (Shivnath) River is both the largest and longest tributary of the Mahanadi River. The Yamuna River is both the largest and longest tributary of the Ganga River.
The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) launched two new products for the domestic market: LIC Jan Suraksha and LIC Bima Lakshmi. These products were announced in an exchange filing on October 14, and were made available for sale from October 15, catering to different individual needs.
A Bengaluru-based deep-tech startup, Muse Wearables, in collaboration with the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), launched India’s first wearable payments ecosystem powered by RuPay. Muse Wearables was incubated at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras, making this initiative significant in the area of financial technology and digital payments innovation.
As of 2025, around 591 million Indians are online gamers, accounting for nearly 40% of India’s population and about 20% of the global gaming population. The gaming industry contributes around 30% of new media market revenue, estimated at $3.8 billion.The value of India’s gaming market rose by around 44% between 2019 and 2020, increasing from $800 million to $1.8 billion. According to an EY report, between 2020 and 2023 India’s gaming segment recorded a CAGR of 28%. As per Lumikai, the sector is expected to reach $9.2 billion in revenue by 2029, with a 20% CAGR. India also became the number one country in worldwide mobile game downloads, recording 7.3 billion downloads in the first nine months of 2020. Mobile gaming alone accounts for the dominant share of the sector.
In the context of Individual Satyagraha in Bihar, Sri Krishna Singh, who later became the first Chief Minister of Bihar, was the first Satyagrahi selected by Mahatma Gandhi to initiate the movement. The second Satyagrahi was Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha.
Bihar’s para-athlete Shailesh Kumar won a gold medal in the World Para Athletics Championships 2025. He secured the medal in the High Jump event, in the T63/42 category. Following this achievement, the Bihar government announced a cash award of ₹75 lakh.
Parliamentary committees include House Keeping Committee / Service Committee, General Purpose Committee, House Committee, Library Committee, and Ad Hoc Committees. The General Purpose Committee deals with matters that do not fall within the jurisdiction of any other committee. The House Committee in the Lok Sabha has 12 members. The Library Committee has 9 members, structured as 6 + 3. Ad Hoc Committees are of different types, including Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees, with the latter being concerned with Bills.A useful shortcut is: PAC → Parliament through CAG audit, Estimates Committee → Lok Sabha only, and Committee on Public Undertakings (COPU) → Parliament, with focus on PSUs. In terms of chairmanship pattern, the PAC is generally chaired by a member from the Opposition. The Estimates Committee is chaired by a member from the ruling party, but the chairperson should be a non-minister. The COPU chairperson is also a non-minister and is drawn from the Lok Sabha only.As per the input, K.C. Venugopal is the current Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee (PAC), Dr. Sanjay Jaiswal is the current Chairperson of the Estimates Committee (2025–26), and Shri Baijayant ‘Jay’ Panda is the current Chairperson of the Parliamentary Committee on Public Undertakings.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of a ₹1,010 crore City Gas Distribution (CGD) project in Alipurduar and Cooch Behar districts of West Bengal. In another major development, Engineers India Limited (EIL) successfully delivered project management services for the Durgapur–Kolkata section (132 km) of the Durgapur–Haldia Natural Gas Pipeline, which is a part of the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga (PMUG) Project. This section was inaugurated by Narendra Modi on 18 July 2025 at Durgapur, West Bengal.The Urja Ganga network segment covered here includes Dobhi–Durgapur, Durgapur–Haldia, and Dhamra–Haldia, with a combined length of around 1,030 km. More broadly, GAIL (India) Limited has completed over 97.6% of the Jagdishpur–Haldia–Bokaro–Dhamra Pipeline (JHBDPL), popularly known as the Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga. The total length is 3,306 km, including the Barauni–Guwahati section.The pipeline covers the states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, West Bengal, and Assam. Major sections include Phulpur–Dobhi–Bokaro–Durgapur, Bokaro–Angul–Dhamra, Dobhi–Barauni–Guwahati, Durgapur–Haldia, and Dhamra–Haldia. It is currently supplying natural gas to 4 fertilizer plants, 2 refineries — Barauni and Paradip, industrial consumers, and 32 City Gas Distribution (CGD) networks, including Varanasi, Patna, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, and Kolkata.
Mahi Shwet Raj, a young swimmer from Patna, Bihar, came into prominence after winning three gold medals at the 77th Senior National Swimming Championship. The 77th Senior National Aquatic Championships 2024 were held from 10–13 September 2024 at the International Swimming Complex in Yemmekere, Mangaluru, Karnataka.The Asmita Khelo India Women’s National Weightlifting Championship 2025 was held at the Ganjam Weightlifting Academy, Mahatma Gandhi Stadium, Berhampur, Odisha.In chess, Russian Grandmaster Petr Kiriakov praised Bihar’s emerging chess talent and interacted with young players during the Bihar Open FIDE Rated Chess Tournament. The All Bihar Chess Association (ABCA), originally known as the Bihar Chess Association (BCA), was formally established on 30 September 1968.The Bihar State Sports Authority (BSSA) was registered as an autonomous body under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on 25 March 2023. The Indian Olympic Association (IOA) was established in 1927.
Bihar registered a world record total of 574/6 in List A cricket, powered by Vaibhav Suryavanshi’s 36-ball century in the Vijay Hazare Trophy. Bihar’s total of 574/6 in 50 overs became the highest ever in List A cricket, surpassing the previous record of 506/2 by Tamil Nadu in 2022–23. The opposition team was Arunachal Pradesh.Vaibhav Suryavanshi scored 190 runs off 84 balls, including the 36-ball century, while Sakibul Gani is mentioned as the captain. In the Vijay Hazare Trophy Elite 2025–26 Final, Vidarbha defeated Saurashtra by 38 runs, scoring 317/8 and restricting Saurashtra to 279 in 48.5 overs.The Vijay Hazare Trophy was established in 2002–03. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) was established in 1928 and is headquartered in Mumbai.
The GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) is already central to the Ethiopia–Sudan–Egypt dispute. It is located on the Blue Nile and includes a massive auxiliary (saddle) dam. This saddle dam is described as being approximately 5 km long and 50 m high.In the Indian context of dam regulation, the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) issued a notice under the provisions of the Dam Safety Act, 2021. Possible action may be taken under Sections 41 and 42, which deal with penal provisions, and the NVDA was given 30 days to respond.
In March 1918, Ahmedabad witnessed its first major labour unrest when cotton mill workers went on strike. The immediate cause was the mill owners’ decision to discontinue the plague bonus. The workers sought the help of Anusuya Sarabhai, a social worker and sister of Ambalal Sarabhai, who was one of the mill owners.In 1918, a severe drought struck Kheda district of Gujarat, causing crop failure. The Kheda Satyagraha arose because of crop failure, British revenue demand, economic hardship of peasants, and the rigid colonial policy. Important leaders associated with it included Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, and Ravi Shankar Vyas. Eventually, the government agreed to suspend the 1919 taxes, reduce future rates, and return confiscated property, which awakened the peasantry to the strength of collective action and non-violent resistance.The Rowlatt Act was passed in March 1919. It allowed imprisonment without trial, secret trials, and suspension of civil liberties. Gandhi called it the “Black Act” and gave a call for mass protest.On 13 April 1919, during the Baisakhi festival, a large crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest. This incident led Rabindranath Tagore to renounce his knighthood, while Gandhi gave up the title Kaiser-i-Hind. The British government appointed the Hunter Committee in 1919 mainly to investigate the events of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and related disturbances. Udham Singh later assassinated Michael O’Dwyer in 1940 as retribution for the brutal suppression. Sir Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad was an Indian member of the Hunter Committee.
Aditya-L1 is the Indian Space Research Organisation’s first space-based solar observatory, designed to study the Sun and its effect on space weather. It has been placed in a halo orbit around the Sun–Earth Lagrange Point L1, at a distance of around 1.5 million km from Earth. It reached L1 on 6 January 2024, which was 127 days after launch. Its orbital position provides the advantage of continuous and uninterrupted solar observation, free from eclipses and occultation.Within two years, the mission generated over 23 TB of data. It carries 7 instruments, namely:
A major scientific development from the mission is that Aditya-L1 provided the first near-Sun spectroscopic observations of solar eruptions. Launched by PSLV-C57 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota in 2023, the mission carries the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC). It has enabled collaboration between the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and NASA, resulting in the first spectroscopic measurements of a coronal mass ejection (CME) in the visible wavelength range very close to the Sun’s surface.
Mazharul Haque actively participated in several major phases of India’s freedom struggle. He joined the Home Rule Movement (1916) led by Annie Besant, supporting the demand for self-governance. In the same period, he also worked for Congress–Muslim League unity (1916) and supported Hindu-Muslim cooperation.During the Champaran Satyagraha (1917), he stood with Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi stayed at his residence in Patna, and Mazharul Haque worked for the upliftment of peasants. He also supported the Khilafat Movement (1919), strengthening mass mobilization. Later, he joined the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920) led by Gandhi and promoted the boycott of British institutions.
For Shri Krishna Singh, the turning point came when he met Mahatma Gandhi in 1916. He subsequently became active in major national movements. During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22), he gave up law practice and worked to mobilize the masses.In the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), he participated in the Salt Satyagraha at Garhpura and faced brutal arrest and injuries. During the Quit India Movement (1942), he was arrested and jailed, becoming a symbol of resistance. He was imprisoned for about 8 years during British rule.His jail struggles reflected repeated sacrifice, as he was arrested multiple times in 1922, 1930, 1932, and 1942, and was imprisoned in Hazaribagh Jail. In his political rise, he became Member of the Legislative Council (1927) and later General Secretary of Bihar Congress (1929).
Anugrah Narayan Sinha, remembered as the “Bihar Vibhuti”, played a major role in both Bihar’s political life and Gandhian movements. He joined the Champaran Satyagraha, participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), and was among the first to respond to the Individual Satyagraha (1940–41).During the Quit India Movement (1942), he was arrested and jailed in Hazaribagh Jail. He later became a Member of the Constituent Assembly (1946–50). In independent India, he served as Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister of Bihar (1946–1957), contributing to the nation-building phase. He also taught at Bihar Vidyapeeth and mentored future leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan. He is regarded as an architect of modern Bihar.
After the Ramgarh Congress session, in June 1940 at Patna, Prabhavati Devi came to the Mahila Charkha Samiti with just 3 charkhas and only 5 women. She was associated with the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement of 1942.
The Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has proposed making the Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System (AVAS) mandatory for all electric cars, buses, and trucks from 1 October 2027. The proposal has been made in view of road safety.
The National Makhana Board was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 September 2025 in Purnea, Bihar, along with a ₹476.03 crore package to modernize India’s makhana sector. Bihar is highlighted as producing 90% of the world’s makhana.The scheme is a central sector scheme with a total outlay of ₹476.03 crore for the period 2025–26 to 2030–31. An initial allocation of ₹100 crore was also highlighted in the budget announcement. Mithila Makhana from Bihar received the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2022. Makhana is derived from the seeds of the prickly water lily (Euryale ferox), which grows in freshwater ponds, wetlands, and tanks across North Bihar.
Paytm has enabled Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) to link international mobile numbers on its app for UPI-based payments. This is presented as an important step in expanding India’s digital payment ecosystem globally. The facility covers NRIs from 12 countries, including the USA, UK, UAE, Singapore, and Australia and Canada.
A convex mirror is used as a rear-view mirror in motor vehicles. Bryophytes are called the amphibians of the plant kingdom because they can live in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.Miosis in the zygote is described as a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, resulting in the formation of haploid cells. In organisms showing alternation of generations, meiosis occurs in the zygote to restore the haploid state for the next generation.
Organic solvents are generally stored in plastic or glass containers because they are non-reactive with these materials. Acids should not be stored in metal containers, since acids react with metals, causing corrosion and releasing hydrogen gas.Hydrofluoric acid should not be stored in glass containers because it reacts with the silica in glass, leading to container degradation. Bromine is highly reactive and sensitive to light, so it is correctly stored in dark-colored glass containers to prevent light-induced reactions.
Scientists have moved closer to discovering a Bose Metal, a rare state in which Cooper pairs exist but do not form a superconductor. It was observed in niobium diselenide (NbSe₂). This state lies between a metal, which has finite resistance, and a superconductor, which has zero resistance.An important feature is the vanishing Hall resistance, indicating that Cooper pairs dominate. This finding challenges the classical idea that a material at near absolute zero must be either an insulator or a superconductor. The development opens new possibilities in quantum materials, superconductivity, and future electronics.
The distribution of freshwater, from largest to smallest, is as follows: Glaciers and Ice Caps (~68.7%), Groundwater (~30.1%), Freshwater Lakes (~0.26%), Soil Moisture (~0.05%), Atmosphere (~0.04%), and Rivers and Streams (~0.006%). A key exam point is that lakes contain more freshwater than rivers.
Satyagraha is a non-violent method of resistance or civil disobedience introduced by Mahatma Gandhi. It was first conceptualized and practiced in South Africa during Gandhi’s struggle against racial discrimination.
The Taluqdari/Zamindari system was mainly associated with Oudh (Awadh) and parts of Bengal. The Permanent Settlement was associated with Bengal, while the Ryotwari System was associated with Madras.
Futuhat-i-Alamgiri was written by Ishwardas Nagar, who was a Mughal officer in the district of Jodhpur for a long time. Surat was referred to as “Babul Makka”, meaning the “Gate of Mecca.”
The Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS) is a planned space station of ISRO, expected to be operational by 2035. India’s space journey is described as a gradual technological progression. The pre-2000 phase included foundational milestones such as Aryabhata (1975) and SLV-3 (1980). The 2000–2010 phase saw communication satellites like INSAT and Chandrayaan-1 (2008). The 2010–2020 phase featured heavy launch capability through GSLV Mk III and the 104-satellite launch in 2017. From 2020 onwards, major milestones include Chandrayaan-3 (2023) and private sector entry through IN-SPACe.The BAS is planned as a modular space station with 5 modules — Base, Docking, Research, Laboratory, and Working modules. It will be placed in Low Earth Orbit at 400–450 km, with a crew capacity of 3–6 astronauts. The first module launch is planned for 2028, while human operations are targeted by 2035.
Operation SINDOOR: The Untold Story of India's Deep Strikes Inside Pakistan is a 2025 non-fiction book written by Lt. Gen. K.J.S. “Tiny” Dhillon (Retd.).
Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman launched the nationwide ‘Aapki Punji Aapka Adhikar’ campaign from Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The campaign aims to ensure the speedy settlement and return of unclaimed financial assets to their rightful owners. It addresses the growing issue of idle funds in the financial system, estimated at ₹1.82 lakh crore.
The Ryotwari System was introduced in the Madras Presidency, where revenue was collected directly from cultivators (ryots) by the state, eliminating intermediaries.The book Futuhat-i-Alamgiri was written by Ishwardas Nagar, who served as a Mughal officer in Jodhpur district for a long time.The city of Surat was referred to as “Babul Makka” (Gate of Mecca), highlighting its importance as a port for Hajj pilgrims.During the Mughal period, Akbar issued coins of the ‘Ilahi’ type, reflecting his religious and administrative innovations. Most of the Gupta rulers were Vaishnavas, indicating their religious inclination.The scholar Alberuni authored Jawahar-fi-Jawahir in Arabic, focusing on mineral studies.
The Rajya Sabha, also known as the Council of States, is the upper house of Parliament, and its first session was held on 13 May 1952.Important Supreme Court judgments:
Carbon intensity refers to the amount of CO₂ emitted per unit of economic output, such as per ₹ GDP or per unit of electricity.Bleaching powder (Calcium oxychloride) is widely used in the textile industry for bleaching cloth.Fluorine is a pale yellow, highly toxic gas, while Chlorine is a green-yellow gas with a pungent odor.In India, uranium contamination is a critical issue. The safe limit is 30 ppb, and Punjab recorded the highest exceedance (62.5%), with affected states including Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab.
The Indian Space Research Organisation is developing the Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), expected to be operational by 2035.India’s space journey shows gradual progress:
BAS Features:
India’s Antarctic programme began in 1981. The 44th Indian Scientific Expedition to Antarctica (ISEA) involved INCOIS and NCPOR, with NCPOR completing 25 years (est. 2000). A 7000-year-old black carbon deposit was discovered.Research stations:
The upcoming Maitri-II station (2032) will be a ₹2000 crore advanced research facility.
Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman launched the ‘Aapki Punji Aapka Adhikar’ campaign from Gandhinagar, aimed at returning unclaimed financial assets (~₹1.82 lakh crore).The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) was launched on 9 August 2016 by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry to promote transparent public procurement.Tourism schemes:
Digital governance:
Reforms:
Legislation:
The Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga Pipeline (JHBDPL), executed by GAIL (India) Limited, is 97.6% complete.The Durgapur–Kolkata section (132 km) was completed by Engineers India Limited on 18 July 2025.The pipeline supplies gas to:
The book “Operation SINDOOR: The Untold Story of India's Deep Strikes Inside Pakistan” (2025) is authored by K. J. S. Dhillon.The Promotion & Regulation of Online Gaming Act, 2025 prescribes up to 3 years imprisonment and ₹1 crore fine for illegal money gaming.
Global initiative: