Comparison of Oxysome, Golgi Body, and Ribosome
| Feature | Oxysome | Golgi Body | Ribosome |
|---|
| Basic Structure | Knob-like particles attached to mitochondrial membrane | Stack of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae | Tiny granular particles, non-membranous |
| Membrane-bound | Yes (associated with mitochondrial inner membrane) | Yes | No |
| Main Function | ATP synthesis during cellular respiration | Processing, packaging, and transport of proteins | Protein synthesis from mRNA |
| Location | Inner membrane of mitochondria | Cytoplasm, usually near ER | Free in cytoplasm or attached to ER |
| Chemical Composition | Proteins and lipids | Proteins and lipids | rRNA and proteins |
| Approximate Size | About 20–40 nm | Around 0.5–1 µm | 70S (prokaryotes), 80S (eukaryotes) |
| Types / Forms | Present where mitochondria exist | Cis, medial, and trans regions | 70S and 80S |
| Presence in Cells | Only in eukaryotic cells with mitochondria | Plant and animal cells | Present in all living cells |
Cell Organelles
| Organelle | Main Function | Key Role / Importance | Special Points |
|---|
| Cell Wall | Provides strength, rigidity, and protection | Maintains cell shape and prevents mechanical injury | Present in plants, fungi, and some prokaryotes; absent in animal cells |
| Ribosomes | Protein synthesis | Translate mRNA into polypeptide chains required for cellular activities | Found free in cytoplasm or attached to ER (rough ER) |
| Lysosomes | Intracellular digestion | Break down foreign particles, waste material, and damaged organelles | Known as the “suicide bags” of the cell due to digestive enzymes |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modification and packaging of macromolecules | Sorts and directs proteins and lipids to correct destinations | Involved in lysosome formation |
Additional Features
| Organelle | Composition | Structural Features | Associated Processes |
|---|
| Cell Wall | Cellulose (plants), chitin (fungi), peptidoglycan (bacteria) | Rigid, non-living outer layer | Protection, osmotic balance |
| Ribosomes | rRNA and proteins | Non-membranous, granular structures | Translation of genetic code |
| Lysosomes | Hydrolytic enzymes | Membrane-bound vesicles | Autophagy, recycling of cell materials |
| Golgi Apparatus | Proteins and lipids | Flattened sacs (cisternae) with cis and trans faces | Transport and secretion |
One-Line Memory Hooks 🧠
- Cell wall → Shape & strength
- Ribosome → Protein factory
- Lysosome → Waste disposal
- Golgi → Post office of the cell
• Meiosis produces gametes with half the DNA content compared to somatic cells.
• Binary fission is the most common asexual reproduction method in unicellular organisms like bacteria and protozoa.
• In binary fission, one organism divides into two equal and independent organisms.
• Asexual reproduction enables rapid reproduction without a mate, aiding survival in favourable conditions.
• Amoeba reproduces by binary fission where the nucleus divides first followed by cytoplasm division.
• Binary fission in Amoeba can occur in any plane due to its irregular shape.
• Planaria exhibit regeneration where each body fragment can form a complete organism.
• Regeneration in Planaria occurs due to stem cells called neoblasts.
• Plant regeneration occurs when a new plant grows from leaf, stem, or root fragments.
• Prophase is the first stage of mitosis karyokinesis after S and G2 phases.
• Pedigree analysis helps determine inheritance patterns such as autosomal and X-linked traits.
• Pseudopodia are temporary cytoplasmic projections used for movement and feeding.
• Lobopodia are broad blunt projections, filopodia are thin thread-like, and axopodia are microtubule-supported projections.
• Glyoxysomes in plant cells convert stored fats into sugars.
| आधार | Glyoxysome | Peroxisome |
|---|
| कहाँ मिलता है | पौधों के बीज | पौधों व जानवरों दोनों में |
| मुख्य कार्य | वसा → शर्करा | हानिकारक पदार्थों का अपघटन |
| विशेष चक्र | Glyoxylate Cycle | नहीं |
• Plasmodesmata are microscopic channels enabling transport and communication between plant cells.
• Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranous tubules and sacs in eukaryotic cells.
• Plant cell walls provide protection and are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.
• Chromatin is a DNA-protein complex present in a less condensed form in non-dividing cells.
• Chromatin packages DNA into a compact and organized structure.
• Cell membrane is selectively permeable and maintains the internal cellular environment.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum appears rough due to attached ribosomes involved in protein synthesis.
• Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic DNA is circular and located in the nucleoid region.
• Neurons are the longest cells in the human body.