A clear understanding of the map of Madhya Pradesh is essential for mastering its geography. The major physiographic regions that must be located and remembered are the Central India Plateau, Malwa Plateau, Nimar Region, Narmada Valley, Satpura Mountain Region, Baghelkhand and Bundelkhand. Regular practice of map drawing and location marking helps in better retention and improves recall in examination-oriented study.
Madhya Pradesh is a centrally located state and is therefore called the “Heart of India” or “Hriday Pradesh.” It is considered a part of Gondwana Land, which is very important from the prelims point of view. It is also known as the “Crown of the Peninsular Plateau.” Madhya Pradesh is a landlocked state and has no sea coast. The geographical centre of India lies in Katni district.The state is also known by several important titles, such as forest-rich state, mineral-rich state, water-rich state, Diamond State, Tribal State, Soy State, and Motherland of Rivers.Historically, in Manusmriti, the region between the Himalaya and Vindhya and to the west of Prayagraj is referred to in connection with this area. In Vedic literature, it was called Dakshinapath or Revottar, and in the Shatapatha Brahmana, it was referred to as Revottar. The name “Madhya Pradesh” was given by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state in India with an area of 308,252 square kilometres. Before the formation of Chhattisgarh in 2000, it was the largest state of India.Its latitudinal extent lies between 21° North and 26° North, while its longitudinal extent lies between 74° East and 82° East. A useful shortcut for remembering this extent is 21–26 and 74–82.The north-south length of Madhya Pradesh is 605 km, while the east-west length is 870 km. Among the extreme districts, Alirajpur is in the west, Singrauli in the east, Morena in the north, and Burhanpur in the south.
The maximum boundary length of Madhya Pradesh is shared with Rajasthan, while the minimum boundary is shared with Gujarat. The maximum number of districts are shared with Uttar Pradesh.Some important district-level boundary facts are also notable. Balaghat shares its border with both Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh, while Alirajpur shares its border with Gujarat and Maharashtra.
The administrative capital of Madhya Pradesh is Bhopal. The judicial capital is Jabalpur. The commercial capital as well as the sports capital is Indore. Jabalpur is also known as the cultural capital or Sanskardhani.Other important titles include Singrauli as the Energy Capital, Pachmarhi as the Tourism Capital, Shivpuri as the First Tourism City, Maihar as the Music Capital, and Gwalior as the Music City.
The state fish of Madhya Pradesh is Mahseer (Tor tor), which is found in the Narmada River. The state bird is Dudharaj (Paradise Flycatcher). The state animal is Barasingha (Swamp Deer), especially associated with Kanha National Park. The state flower is White Lily (Easter Lily), while the state tree is Banyan (Ficus benghalensis). The state crop is Soybean, and the state sport is Malkhamb.
The scientific name of soybean is Glycine max. It was first cultivated in Madhya Pradesh in 1962 in Devas district. The largest producer of soybean is Ujjain. The National Research Centre for soybean is located at Indore, while the State Research Centre is at Ujjain. Because of the importance of soybean cultivation, Madhya Pradesh is known as the “Soy State.”
The largest drainage basin in Madhya Pradesh is the Ganga-Yamuna Basin, while the smallest drainage basin is the Mahanadi Basin.According to the direction of river flow, the west-flowing rivers are Narmada, Tapti and Mahi. The north-flowing rivers include Chambal, Betwa, Ken and Sindh. The south-flowing rivers are Wardha and Wainganga, while the east-flowing river is the Son.
The Narmada River is the most important river of Madhya Pradesh. It originates from Amarkantak in the Maikal Hills. Its total length is 1312 km, of which 1077 km flows through Madhya Pradesh. It passes through Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujarat and finally falls into the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Khambhat.The Narmada flows through a rift valley situated between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. Important waterfalls on the Narmada include Kapildhara and Dugdhdhara at Amarkantak, and Dhuandhar at Jabalpur.Its major tributaries are Tawa, Shakkar, Hiran, Kolar and Barna, among which Tawa is the largest. The Narmada is also known by other names such as Rewa, Shankari and Shivputri. It is called the Life Line of Madhya Pradesh.Important institutions related to the Narmada include the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (1969), the Narmada Control Authority (1980), and the Narmada Valley Development Authority (1985).
The Chambal River originates from Janapav in Indore district and joins the Yamuna at Etawah. Its length is about 965 km. Its tributaries include Shipra, Kali Sindh, Parvati and Kuno.The Chambal is known for the formation of ravines or badlands in districts such as Bhind, Morena and Shivpuri. It is also associated with the first multipurpose river project of Madhya Pradesh.
The Betwa River originates in Raisen district and joins the Yamuna. Its length is about 654 km. Its tributaries are Bina, Dhasan, Jamni and Halali.The Betwa is known as the “Life Line of Bundelkhand.” The Ken-Betwa Link Project was approved in 2005, and its foundation was laid in 2024.
The Tapti River originates from Multai in Betul district. Its total length is 725 km, and it flows into the Arabian Sea. Its tributaries include Purna, Girna and Bori. The Tapti is also known as Suryaputri and Payoshni.
The Son River originates from Amarkantak and joins the Ganga near Patna. Its total length is about 780 km. An important physiographic fact is that the Kaimur Hills separate the Son and Yamuna basins. The Son River also has ancient names such as Swarna Nadi, Hiranyabahu, Soha and Subhaga.
The Ken River originates from the Kaimur Hills in Katni and joins the Yamuna. Its tributaries are Sonar and Banas. It flows through Panna National Park and is known as the most beautiful river of Madhya Pradesh.
The Tawa River originates from the Mahadeo Hills in Chhindwara. It is the largest tributary of the Narmada. The Tawa Dam is located in Narmadapuram, and the irrigation potential linked with the project is 3.33 lakh hectares.
Among the rivers of the Godavari Basin, Wardha originates in Betul and has tributaries such as Jam and Venna. It is known as the Life Line of Vidarbha. The Wainganga originates in Seoni on the Paraswada Plateau and has tributaries such as Pench and Kanhan. It forms the Pranhita after joining the Wardha.
Madhya Pradesh is a mineral-rich state and holds the fourth rank overall in minerals. The first Mineral Policy of Madhya Pradesh came in 1995, while the latest Mineral Policy mentioned here is of 2010. The state is also called the “Diamond State.”
Gold reserves are found in Katni, Sidhi (Majhauli) and Singrauli (Gurhar Mountain). Limestone is found mainly in Katni, Maihar and Satna. Katni is known as the “Lime City” or “Chuna Nagri.” Madhya Pradesh ranks second in limestone production, and limestone is composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃).In coal, Madhya Pradesh ranks fourth in India. The largest coalfield is Sohagpur in the Shahdol region, while the smallest coalfield is Umaria. The thickest coal seam is found at Jhingurda in Singrauli, and important coalfields also include the Tawa-Pathakhera region.
Tungsten, whose ore is Wolfram, is found in Narmadapuram in the Shahdol village region. It is used in the filament of bulbs and heaters. Dolomite is found in Jhabua, Balaghat and Jabalpur. Graphite is found in Betul district. Rock Phosphate is found in Jhabua, Alirajpur and Sagar, and is used in the NFL plant at Guna.
Fire Clay or Kaolin is found in Jabalpur in the Lameta Hills. Bauxite, the ore of aluminium, is found in Katni and the Amarkantak Plateau. White marble is found in Jabalpur, while coloured marble is found in Chhindwara, Betul and Gwalior. Slate is found in Mandsaur. Iron ore is found in Jabalpur in the Lameta region.
Madhya Pradesh holds the first rank in diamond production. Diamonds are obtained from Kimberlite rocks, and where Kimberlite is not given in options, Kadappa rocks are to be marked. The Panna Diamond received a GI Tag in 2025.The major diamond mines are Majhgawan, Hinota and Ramkheriya, all located in Panna district. Other important diamond-related areas are Angor Mines, Bunder Blocks and Buxwaha Forests in Chhatarpur district. Diamond mining is carried out by NMDC (National Mineral Development Corporation). Earlier, Rio Tinto was also involved. The largest diamond-producing district is Panna, followed by Chhatarpur. The Majhgawan Mine is the NMDC mine, and mining has been carried out since 1971–72. Additional facts include the proposed Diamond Museum at Khajuraho, Diamond Park at Panna, and expected future excavation in the Buxwaha forests of Chhatarpur.
Earlier data mentioned Madhya Pradesh as first in manganese, while the more recent economic survey mentioned here places it at second. About 12% of the total manganese reserves of India are found in Madhya Pradesh. The important manganese districts are Balaghat, Chhindwara and Jhabua. Balaghat is known as the “Manganese City.”Important mines include Bharveli Manganese Mine, which is the largest underground manganese mine, along with Sitapatore, Ukwa, Tirodi, Ramerma and Kajli Dongri Mines. Kajli Dongri is located in Jhabua. Songaon and Chandot are also mentioned among manganese mines. Manganese extraction is done by MOIL (Manganese Ore India Limited), whose headquarters is in Nagpur. The first manganese mine was opened in Katni.
Madhya Pradesh holds the first rank in copper production. Copper is extracted by Hindustan Copper Limited, which has been working since 1982. The most important copper district is Balaghat. The main project is the Malanjkhand Copper Project in Balaghat, operated by Hindustan Copper Limited. Other copper mines are Sheetalpani, Jatta, Garhi Dongri and Gidhli.
In Betul district, important minerals include Graphite, Tin, Vanadium and Coal. Graphite is used in the manufacture of pencils. A Hindustan Electrographite plant is located in Mandideep, Raisen. Tungsten is found in a village in Narmadapuram district.
The major coal regions are the Tawa-Shahpur region, Pench-Kanhan region, and Baghelkhand region, which includes Umaria, Sohagpur and Singrauli.The Tawa-Shahpur region includes the Pathakheda Coalfield, with important mines such as Tawa I, Tawa II, Chhatarpur Mines and Pathakheda Mines. This region lies in Betul district, and coal from here is supplied to the Satpura Thermal Power Plant.The Pench region lies in Chhindwara district and includes mines such as Ravanwada, Eklahara, Parasia I, Parasia II, Damua, Tansi, Chikhli and Newton Mines, some of which are stated to be closed.The Singrauli Basin is mined by NCL, and important mines include Jayant, Nigahi, Jhingurda and Mora Basin. The Umaria-Sohagpur Basin, spread around Shahdol and Umaria, includes Johila, Sonhat and Korar Mines.
According to the Economic Survey 2024–25, Madhya Pradesh holds the first rank in India in total pulses, soybean, spices and gram (chana). It holds the second rank in wheat, total foodgrains and oilseeds, and the third rank in coarse grains or millets, maize, groundnut and mustard.In horticulture, Madhya Pradesh holds the first rank in orange, coriander, spices, tomato, ginger and garlic. It holds the second rank in green chilli, guava, onion and peas, the third rank in total vegetables, flowers, and medicinal and aromatic plants, and the fourth rank in fruits.Among spices, the most produced spice is garlic, followed by green chilli, ginger and turmeric. The highest productivity is recorded in turmeric, green chilli and ginger. The maximum area under cultivation is occupied by coriander, followed by garlic and dry red chilli.In district-wise crop specialization, wheat is mainly grown in the Narmada Valley, while the recent top districts are Dhar and Ujjain. Soybean production is highest in Ujjain. Maize is associated with Chhindwara, known as the Corn City. In paddy, the traditional leader is Balaghat, known as the Rice Bowl of Madhya Pradesh, while the recent top producer is Rewa. High paddy productivity is found in Narmadapuram. Moong is important in Narmadapuram and Harda, while Tur (Arhar) is important in Chhindwara and Narsinghpur. Mustard is led by Morena, followed by Bhind, and millets or coarse grains are important in Bhind, Morena and Shivpuri.The Malwa region is known as the “Basket of Wheat”, while Bundelkhand is called the “Lentil Bowl.” Madhya Pradesh has 11 agro-climatic zones and 5 crop zones.
According to the Forest Report 2023–24, Very Dense Forests cover about 2.28%, Moderately Dense Forests about 10.87%, and Open Forests about 11.85%. The total forest cover is around 25%.In terms of total forest area, the top districts are Balaghat, Chhindwara and Betul, while the minimum forest area is found in Shajapur, Ujjain and Agar Malwa. In percentage terms, the highest forest cover is in Umaria (about 55%), followed by Balaghat (about 53%) and Shivpuri (about 52%). The lowest percentage forest cover is found in Ujjain (about 0.69%), Shajapur (about 0.84%), and Agar Malwa (about 1.83%).The major forest type is Tropical Deciduous Forest, covering about 88%, found in areas with rainfall between 50 and 100 cm. Moist Deciduous Forests cover about 8.97% and are found in Amarkantak and Anuppur. Thorn Forests are found in Morena, Bhind, Neemuch and Mandsaur.In forest categories, Reserved Forests account for about 65%, Protected Forests about 32%, and the remaining are Unclassified Forests.Madhya Pradesh is known by several forest and wildlife titles, such as Tiger State, Leopard State, Vulture State, Wolf State, Gharial State, and Cheetah State. Vultures are referred to as the “Scavengers of the Ecosystem.”
The important timeline of forest administration and environmental governance includes the following developments. In 1951, the first white tiger Mohan was spotted in Rewa. In 1952, the first State Forest Policy was introduced. In 1963, the State Forest Research Institute was established at Jabalpur. In 1964, Tendu leaf nationalisation took place. In 1970, forest nationalisation took place. In 1972, the Wildlife Protection Act was enacted. In 1973, Project Tiger was launched, and Kailash Sankhala is associated as its father. In 1974, the Water Act was enacted. In 1975, the MP Forest Development Corporation was established with headquarters at Bhopal. In 1978, the Forest Ranger College was established at Balaghat. In 1982, IIFM Bhopal was established. In 1984, the Minor Forest Produce Act came. In 1986, the Environment Protection Act, also called the Umbrella Act, was enacted. In 1987, the first Forest Report was published. In 1988, the Tropical Forest Research Institute was established at Jabalpur.
The institutional growth of forestry and biodiversity governance in Madhya Pradesh became more organized over time. In 1995, the Centre for Forestry and Human Resource Development was established at Chhindwara. In 1997, the Madhya Pradesh Tiger Foundation Society was established as an NGO focused on tiger conservation and forest protection. In 2001, the State Biodiversity Department was established. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 brought a key institutional change by replacing the Biodiversity Department with the Biodiversity Board.The year 2005 is especially important, because it saw the introduction of the New Forest Policy of Madhya Pradesh, the establishment of the MP Eco-Tourism Board with headquarters at Bhopal, and the creation of the Madhya Pradesh Biodiversity Board, also headquartered at Bhopal. In 2006, the State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA) was established at Bhopal. In 2010, the Madhya Pradesh Forest Development Agency was established, and the NGT Regional Centre was located at Bhopal. In 2013, the Bamboo Mission and Bamboo Craft Board were established.The MP Biodiversity Board is located at Bhopal and was established after the Biological Diversity Act, 2002. The Biodiversity Training Centre is located at Umaria, and the Sanjeevani Institute is located at Bhopal.
Under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, important Biodiversity Heritage Sites of Madhya Pradesh include Patalkot in Chhindwara, Naro Hills in Satna, Amarkantak in Anuppur, and WALMI in Bhopal.The concept of Biosphere Reserves was introduced by UNESCO under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme in 1970. The objectives are biodiversity conservation and reduction of man-animal conflict. The biosphere reserves of Madhya Pradesh are Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve, notified in 1999 and included in UNESCO MAB in 2009, spread across Narmadapuram, Chhindwara and Betul; Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve, notified in 2005 and included in UNESCO MAB in 2012; and Panna Biosphere Reserve, notified in 2011 and included in UNESCO MAB in 2020.The concept of Ramsar Wetland Sites comes from the Ramsar Convention, 1971 (Iran). Wetlands are areas submerged in water for most of the year. The Ramsar sites of Madhya Pradesh are Bhoj Wetland, Bhopal (2002, first in MP), Sakhya Sagar, Shivpuri (2022), Sirpur Lake, Indore (2022), Yashwant Sagar, Indore, and Tawa Reservoir, Narmadapuram.Other important facts include the first Environment Court in Madhya Pradesh at Bhopal, the Disaster Management Institute at Bhopal established in 1987, and the Basaman Mama Award, started in 2009 for forest conservation, associated with Rewa, carrying a prize of up to ₹2 lakh.
The Mahadev Hills form the central part of the Satpura Ranges. The highest peak of the Satpura is Dhoopgarh, with a height of 1350 metres. Other important peaks are Chauragarh (1330 metres) and Kukru (1137 metres). Kukru is known for coffee cultivation. The Mahadev Hills extend across Betul, Narmadapuram and Chhindwara.Pachmarhi, the famous hill station of Madhya Pradesh, is located in the Mahadev Hills and is known as the “Queen of Satpura.” The Tawa and Denwa rivers originate from the Mahadev Hills. Kabir Chabutra is located at Amarkantak.The Rajpipla Hills form the western part of the Satpura-Maikal ranges. The Burhanpur Pass is situated here. Important hills associated with this region are Akrani Hills, Barwani Hills, Bijagarh Hills and Asirgarh Hills. Bijagarh Hills are in Khargone, Barwani Hills in Barwani, and Asirgarh Hills in Burhanpur. The Nimar Plain lies between the Narmada River and the Asirgarh Hills. Rajpipla is also called the “Gateway of Deccan.”
The Vindhyachal Mountain Range is historically regarded as the southernmost boundary of the Aryans. It is also considered a historical dividing range between North India and South India. It is one of the oldest mountain series in the world, though the Aravalli is older. The Vindhyachal is divided into Kaimur in the east, Bhander in the middle, and Singar or Shringar in the west.Its highest peak is Kalumar, also called Sadbhavana Peak or Goodwill Peak, with a height of about 752 metres, located in Damoh district. Vindhyachal and Satpura are considered fault mountains, and the Narmada Valley flows between them. The Sharda Mata Temple of Maihar is found in the Kaimur Hills. The Kaimur range extends from Katangi near Jabalpur to Sasaram in Bihar.Important rivers associated with the Vindhyachal region are Shipra, Chambal, Parvati and Kali Sindh. The Kaimur Hills are the origin region of the Ken River. Janapav is the highest point of Malwa and the origin of the Chambal River. Kakribardi is the origin point of the Shipra River.Important hills and peaks of Madhya Pradesh include Dhoopgarh (1350 m), Siddh Baba (1172 m), Amarkantak (1048 m), Sigar Peak (881 m), Janapav (884 m), Dhajari Peak in Dhar, Goodwill Peak in Damoh, Gomanpur Hills in Dhar, Barwani Hills, Kalibhit Hills in Betul, Bijagarh Hills in Khargone, Pachmarhi Hills in Narmadapuram, Gwaligarh Hills in Khandwa, Choolgiri in Barwani, Lanjhi Hills in Balaghat, and Sona Ghati Hills in Betul.In Bhopal, important hills are Shyamla Hills, Arera Hills, Katara Hills, Idgah Hills and Dronacharya Nevari Hills. In Gwalior, an important hill is Siddhanchal Mountain.
The Kali Sindh River originates from Dewas and is a tributary of the Chambal. Its tributaries are Nevaj, Parwan, Ahu and Lakhundar. The Baglamukhi Temple of Nalkheda is situated on the Lakhundar River. Kali Sindh is also known as Krishna Sindhu. Its approximate length is around 350 km, and it joins the Chambal in Rajasthan.The Parvati River originates from Ashta in Sehore district and flows toward Shajapur. It is also a tributary of the Chambal, and the Kundaliya Dam is built on it near the Malwa border.The Mahi River originates in Dhar district, flows through Jhabua, enters Rajasthan, then Gujarat, and finally joins the Arabian Sea at the Gulf of Cambay or Khambhat. It is a west-flowing river and, along with Narmada and Tapti, is among the important west-flowing rivers of Madhya Pradesh. It cuts the Tropic of Cancer twice, which is its most unique feature. Its length is 583 km. It is also called Mahisagar, Dhartiputri and Ganga of Tribals. Its tributaries are Som, Jakham, Moran and Anas. The Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam is built on it at Banswara, Rajasthan, and the Mahi Irrigation Project is associated with Ratlam.The Tons River originates from the Kaimur Hills. Earlier, its origin was associated with Satna, but Maihar should also be remembered now because of district changes. It joins the Ganga River and has a length of about 264 km. Its tributaries are Bihad, Belan, Bichhiya, Mahan, Sonkar and Sailar. The Bahuti Waterfall, the highest waterfall of Madhya Pradesh, is formed on the Sailar River, a tributary of the Tons. The Tons itself forms the Purwa Waterfall, the Mahan River forms the Choti Waterfall, the Bichhiya River is associated with Rewa city, and the Bihad River forms the Chachai Waterfall. The Tons is also called the Tamsa River, and is associated with the Ramayana because Lord Rama is said to have crossed it while going towards Chitrakoot. The Tons Hydroelectric Project is located in Rewa district.
Important waterfalls include Amargarh Waterfall around the Ratapani forests associated with the Raisen-Sehore region; Bee Fall, Duchess Fall, Apsara Fall and Silver Fall in Pachmarhi; Bee Fall, earlier called Jamuna Waterfall; Bahuti Waterfall in Rewa on the Sailar River, with a height of about 198 metres, the highest in the state; Bhalkund Waterfall on the Bina River, also called Rahatgarh Waterfall, in Sagar; Chitrakoot Fall in Chhattisgarh, called the Niagara Fall of India; Chachai Waterfall in Rewa on the Bihad River; Chulia Waterfall on the Chambal River in Rajasthan; Dhuandhar Waterfall on the Narmada at Bhedaghat; Keoti Waterfall on the Tons River; Purwa Waterfall on the Tons River; Kapildhara and Sahajdhara on the Narmada River; and Patalpani Waterfall in Indore district on the Choral River basin.
Important dams and projects include the Tawa Project, completed in 1978; the Bansagar Project; Barna Dam in Raisen on the Barna River, a tributary of Narmada, built with World Bank collaboration and important from the 2019 Prelims point of view; Kolar Dam in Sehore, built in 1979 with World Bank assistance; Sukta Project in Khandwa, also called the Bhagwan Sagar Project; Omkareshwar Project in Khandwa; Indira Sagar Project in Khandwa; Upper Beda in Khargone; Lower Goi in Barwani; Dejla Devda Project in Khargone; Bhadbhada, Kaliasot and Kerwa Dams in Bhopal; Gopi Krishna Sagar Dam in Guna; Mahi Sagar or Mahi Bajaj Sagar Dam linked with Dhar and Rajasthan; Man Project in Dhar; Jobat Project in Alirajpur, also called the Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azad Project; Tigra Dam in Gwalior; Matiyari Dam in Mandla, asked in 2019 MPPSC Prelims; Chillar Dam in Shajapur; Rajghat Project, built in 1956, located in Uttar Pradesh; Punasa in Khandwa; Bawanthadi or Rajiv Sagar Project in Balaghat, a joint project of Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra; Thawar Project in Mandla in the Narmada basin; Halali Project in Vidisha, also called Samrat Ashok Sagar Project; Urmil Project in Chhatarpur, built on the recommendation of the Planning Commission; Bhander Canal Project in Datia; and Choral Project in Indore.
Soil is the uppermost layer of the earth’s crust, containing organic and inorganic components, and is formed mainly by erosion and weathering. According to the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Madhya Pradesh has five major types of soil, while India has eight types.The most widespread is Black Soil, covering about 47% of the geographical area. It includes Medium Black Soil, Shallow Black Soil and Deep Black Soil. Black soil is also called Regur Soil, Cotton Soil, Chernozem Soil, Kanhar Soil and Lavar Soil. It is formed from basaltic rocks, and its black colour is due to titaniferous magnetite. Medium black soil is found in Malwa, deep black soil in the Narmada Valley, and shallow black soil in the hilly areas of Satpura.Red and Yellow Soil is found mainly in the Baghelkhand region or eastern Madhya Pradesh. It is also called Dorsa Soil and Matasi Soil. Its red colour is due to ferric oxide, and due to hydrolysis, it appears yellow in some places. It is important for paddy cultivation and covers around 37% area.Alluvial Soil, especially light alluvial soil, is also called Kachhari Soil and Loamy Soil. It is found in northern Madhya Pradesh, especially in the Chambal Valley, and in areas like Bhind, Morena and Shivpuri.Laterite Soil, also called Bhata Soil, has the lowest fertility and the smallest spread. It is found mainly around Seoni and Balaghat, where iron oxide, aluminium and nitrogen are present only in small quantities, and vegetation is less.Mixed Soil is found in the Bundelkhand region of northern Madhya Pradesh. It is formed by the breaking of granite rocks and Bundelkhand gneiss, and its productivity is not very high.