Table 1: Harappan Sites and Major Artefacts
| Site | Major Artefacts / Finds |
| Harappa (Ravi Phase) | Pottery, Stone tools, Bone tools, Broken necklaces, Terracotta spindle whorls, Steatite beads, Shell bangles, Terracotta bangles, Potsherds with pre-/post-firing graffiti |
| Allahdino | Multi-roomed building, Three wells, Black-on-red pottery |
| Burzahom | Stone tools, Bone tools, Perforated harvesters, Wheel-made red pot, Agate & Carnelian beads, Horned deity painted pot |
| Ganeshwar | Copper objects, Harappan pottery, Reserved Slip Ware, Double spiral-headed copper pins |
| Balathal | Storage bins, Stone querns, Handmade flat pans, U-shaped chulhas |
| Ahar | Shell artefacts, Etched Carnelian beads, Lapis lazuli bead, Lustrous Red Ware, Copper & Bronze objects |
| Kayatha | Early Harappan pottery, Steatite micro-beads, Axes with indentation marks |
| Balakot | Wheel-made painted pottery, Microliths, Copper objects, Terracotta artefacts, Shell artefacts, Bone artefacts, Lapis lazuli/Stone/Shell/Paste beads |
| Nal | Nal Polychrome Ware |
| Amri | Chert blades, Stone balls, Bone tools, Copper & Bronze fragments, Cellular compartments, Painted pottery |
| Kot Diji | Stone, Shell & Bone objects, Terracotta figurines, Bull figurine, Bangles, Beads, Bronze bangle fragment, Short-necked ovoid pots |
| Mehrgarh (Period VII) | Kot Diji-style vessels, Triangular terracotta cakes, Long flint blades, Perforated jars |
| Nausharo | Mehrgarh-type pottery |
| Gumla | Kot Dijian pottery, Horned deity motif |
| Rehman Dheri | Stone blades, Copper & Bronze tools, Terracotta figurines, Graffiti pottery, Lapis lazuli & Turquoise beads |
| Lewan | Microliths, Chert tools, Querns, Stone balls, Triangular stone axes, Ring stones, Hammer stones, Beads |
| Tarakai Qila | Stone blades with sickle sheen |
| Sarai Khola | Kot Dijian pottery, Microliths, Celts, Chisels, Terracotta figurines, Terracotta & Shell bangles, Steatite beads, Lapis lazuli bead, Copper bangles, Pins, Rings, Rods |
| Harappa (Early) | Mud-brick walls, Hearths, Circular kiln, Chert blades, Stone celts, Female figurines, Bangles, Lapis lazuli/Carnelian/Steatite beads, Writing on pottery & seals, Standardized weights, Triangular terracotta cakes, Toys |
| Kalibangan (Period I) | Stone blades, Terracotta cakes, Shell bangles, Steatite disc beads, Carnelian, Faience, Gold & Silver beads, Copper objects, Graffiti pottery |
| Kunal | Pottery, Steatite seals, Shell seal, Silver tiaras, Gold ornaments, Lapis lazuli & Agate beads |
| Banawali | Stone blades, Copper objects, Gold beads, Semi-precious stone beads, Cubical chert blade, Seals, Stone weights, Touchstone, Terracotta plough model, Fire altars, Female figurines |
| Rakhigarhi | Uninscribed seals, Graffiti pottery, Terracotta wheels, Toy carts, Rattles, Bull figurines, Chert blades, Weights, Bone point, Muller, Brick well, Fire altars, Unfinished beads, Bone & Ivory objects, Wooden coffin |
| Dholavira | Harappan signboard, Limestone pillar bases, Polished stone pillars, Stone masonry, Stone lizard, Seated male sculpture, Beads, Stone drills, Rectangular seals, Graffiti |
| Lothal | Dockyard, Warehouse, Terracotta sealings, Copper & Soapstone seals, Bead furnaces, Semi-precious stone beads, Ivory scale, Clay boat models, Fire altars, Iron-bearing objects, Black-and-Red Ware |
| Surkotada | Black-and-Red Ware |
| Daimabad | Microliths, Bone & Stone artefacts, Shell/Carnelian/Steatite/Terracotta beads, Harappan-inscribed potsherds, Fire altars, Apsidal temple, Copper razor, Daimabad Bronze Hoard, Terracotta cylinder seal, Dolerite axes & chisels, Gold beads, Copper tools |
Table 2: Harappan Sites and Animal Remains
| Site | Animal Remains Found |
| Balakot | Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Buffalo, Hare, Deer, Pig |
| Allahdino | Not mentioned |
| Burzahom | Animal burials (species not specified) |
| Balathal | Gaur, Nilgai, Chausingha, Blackbuck, Fowl, Peafowl, Turtle, Fish, Molluscan shells, Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Pig |
| Rehman Dheri | Cattle, Sheep, Goat |
| Tarakai Qila | Cattle, Water Buffalo, Sheep, Goat |
| Rakhigarhi | Animal bones indicating animal husbandry |
| Kalibangan | Horse remains (controversial) |
| Lothal | Horse remains (controversial) |
| Surkotada | Horse remains (controversial) |
| Harappa | Horse remains (controversial) |
| Mohenjodaro | Horse remains (surface level; controversial) |
| Kuntasi | Horse remains (reported) |
| Daimabad | Cattle bones, Marine fish, Conch shell/Marine shell |
Table 3: Harappan Sites and Crops Cultivated
| Site | Crops Cultivated / Plant Remains |
| Balakot | Barley, Vetch, Legumes, Ber (Jujube) |
| Tarakai Qila | Wheat, Barley, Lentils, Field Pea |
| Rehman Dheri | Wheat, Barley |
| Kalibangan | Barley, Rice |
| Balu | Wheat, Barley, Rice, Horse Gram, Green Gram, Chickpea, Field Pea, Grass Pea, Sesamum, Melon, Watermelon, Date, Grapes, Garlic |
| Lothal | Rice |
| Surkotada | Millets |
| Balathal | Wheat, Barley, Millets, Black Gram, Green Gram, Pea, Linseed, Jujube (Ber) |
| Daimabad | Wheat, Barley, Pea, Lentil, Black Gram, Green Gram, Ragi, Pulses, Ber, Kodon Millet, Foxtail Millet, Jowar (Sorghum) |
This completes the discussion on the Late Harappan cultures, PGW, Aryan debate, and the transition from the Harappan world to the Vedic and Early Historic traditions.Harappan Sites and Their Associated Rivers (Based on Your Input)
| Site | Nearby River / Water Body |
| Harappa | Ravi River |
| Mohenjodaro | Indus River |
| Dholavira | Khadir (Kadir) Island, Rann of Kutch (near ancient maritime channels; no major river mentioned) |
| Lothal | Between Sabarmati River and Bhogavo River (tributary of Sabarmati) |
| Kalibangan | Ghaggar River |
| Banawali | Dry bed of Rangoi River |
| Rakhigarhi | Drishadvati–Ghaggar region (No specific river mentioned in your input) |
| Kunal | Sarasvati/Ghaggar region (No specific river mentioned in your input) |
| Balu | Markanda River (associated with the site) |
| Kot Diji | Left bank of an old flood channel of the Indus River |
| Amri | About 2 km from the right bank of the Indus River |
| Allahdino | No river mentioned (about 40 km east of Karachi) |
| Balakot | Sonmiani Bay, Makran Coast (Arabian Sea coast) |
| Nal | No river mentioned (Khozdar region, Baluchistan) |
| Mehrgarh | Bolan River/Bolan Valley |
| Nausharo | Near Mehrgarh (Bolan Valley) |
| Gumla | Gomal River Valley |
| Rehman Dheri | Gomal River Valley |
| Lewan | Bannu Basin (no specific river mentioned) |
| Tarakai Qila | No specific river mentioned |
| Sarai Khola | No specific river mentioned |
| Surkotada | No river mentioned (Kutch region) |
| Daimabad | Pravara River (tributary of the Godavari) |
| Burzahom | No river mentioned (Kashmir Valley) |
| Ganeshwar | No river mentioned |
| Balathal | No river mentioned |
| Ahar | Ahar River |
| Kayatha | Kali Sindh River |
| Manda | Chenab River |
| Chanhudaro | Indus River region |
| Rojdi | Bhadar River |
| Nageshwar | Arabian Sea coast (no river mentioned) |
| Kuntasi | Gulf of Kutch coast |
| Rangpur | Madar River |
| Desalpur | Kutch region (no river mentioned) |
| Alamgirpur | Hindon River |
| Rupar (Ropar) | Sutlej River |
| Mitathal | No river mentioned |
| Siswal | Ghaggar River region |
| Rohira | Ghaggar-Hakra region |
| Mahorana | Ghaggar-Hakra region |
| Lurewala | Hakra (Dry River) region, Cholistan |
| Ganweriwala | Hakra (Dry River) region, Cholistan |
| Sutkagen-dor | Dasht River / Makran Coast |
| Shortughai | Amu Darya (Oxus) and Kokcha Rivers |
| Malvan (Southernmost site) | Near Tapi River region (Surat district) |
UPSC/BPSC Tip: Remember the most frequently asked river-site pairs: