Physiography (India):
- Except for some hills of Champaran, the remaining plain area of North Bihar is completely flat.
- Ranchi Plateau is an example of an uplifted peneplain.
Climatic Zones:
- Temperate Zone lies roughly between 40° and 60° latitude in both hemispheres.
- Am climate – Tropical monsoon climate.
- Af climate – Tropical rainforest climate (equatorial, very wet all year; not found in India).
Mountain Ranges (Siberia):
- Kolyma Range – Northernmost part of northeastern Siberia.
- Cherskiy Range – South of Kolyma Range in northeastern Siberia.
- Stanovoy Range – Further south, separates rivers flowing north and south.
- Yablonovy Range – Southernmost range near Transbaikal region.
Coalfields (Jharkhand):
- Giridih – Important coalfield of Jharkhand.
- Bokaro – Industrial city with coalfields and steel plant.
- Karanpura – Major coalfield region in the Damodar Valley.
Himalayas:
- Shiwalik (Outer Himalayas) are the youngest ranges made of alluvial deposits and soft rocks.
Waterfalls:
- Barkana – Karnataka.
- Khandadhar – Odisha.
- Palani – Himachal Pradesh.
Soil Processes:
- Leaching is most intensive in moist tropical regions due to high temperature and heavy rainfall.
Agriculture & Climate:
- Mediterranean climate supports viticulture, horticulture, and sericulture.
- Coffee showers (Cherry Blossom showers) occur in Karnataka.
Volcanism:
- Circum-Pacific Belt (Ring of Fire) contains most of the world’s volcanoes.
Biodiversity:
- Tropical regions have the highest biodiversity.
Minerals:
- China is the largest producer of tin globally.
- China and Indonesia are top tin-producing countries (2023–24).
- Panchpatmali mine (Odisha) is one of Asia’s largest bauxite mines.
- Bauxite occurs in Maikal Hills and Eastern Ghats.
Pollution:
- Soil erosion is an example of negative pollution.
- Fertilizer and pesticide runoff is an example of positive pollution.
- Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain and is not a greenhouse gas.
Bridges & Transport:
- Godavari Arch Bridge is located in Andhra Pradesh.
- Kalka–Shimla Railway is a narrow-gauge UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Nilgiri Mountain Railway is a rack-and-pinion UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Power Projects:
- Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Project – Himachal Pradesh.
- Koyna Hydroelectric Project – Maharashtra.
- Sasan Ultra Mega Power Plant – Madhya Pradesh.
- Tiroda Thermal Power Plant – Maharashtra.
- Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Plant (750 MW) – Madhya Pradesh.
Nuclear Energy:
- Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is located at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
- FBTR uses plutonium-uranium mixed carbide fuel.
Mountain Passes:
- Moreh Pass – Manipur–Myanmar border.
- Pangsau Pass – Patkai Hills, Arunachal Pradesh–Myanmar.
- Diphu Pass – Tri-junction of India, China, and Myanmar.
Water Resources (India):
- Rainwater > Groundwater > Glaciers & snow > Lakes & ponds (largest to smallest).
Soils (India):
- Laterite soil – Goa.
- Arid soil – Gujarat.
River Basins (largest to smallest):
- Godavari > Krishna > Mahanadi > Narmada.
Temperature:
- Leh has a very high annual range of temperature.
Highest Peaks (descending order):
- Guru Shikhar → Dhupgarh → Mahendragiri → Doddabetta.
Longitude & Time:
- Time difference between 0° and 180° longitude is 12 hours.
- Crossing the International Date Line eastward advances the day by one.
Weathering:
- Salt weathering (haloclasty) occurs due to thermal action, hydration, and crystallization.
- Salt weathering is a type of physical weathering.
Mass Movement:
- Mudflow is a rapid downslope movement of saturated soil and debris.
- Slump is a rotational movement along a curved surface.
- Creep is the slowest form of mass movement.
- Solifluction is creep in permafrost regions.