| Author | Major Works | Key Features / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Subhadra Kumari Chauhan | Jhansi ki Rani, Mukul, Bikhre Moti, Sidhe Sadhe Chitra, Sabha ke Khel, Tridhara, Unmadini | Nationalist poetry, freedom struggle theme |
| Harishankar Parsai | Hanste Hai Rote Hai, Rani Nagfani Ki Kahani | Satire, social criticism |
| Bhawani Prasad Mishra | Buni Hui Rassi, Ye Kohre Mere Hain, Trikaal Sandhya, Tus Ki Aag, Kuchh Neeti Kuchh Rajneeti, Idam Na Mam, Geetfarosh, Kathputli Kavita, Satpuda ke Ghane Jungle, Pahila Pain, Ghar ki Yaad, Man Ek Maili Kameez Hai, Ise Jagavo | |
| Gajanan Madhav Muktibodh | Chand Ka Munh Tedha Hai, Kath Ka Sapna | Progressive, experimental poetry |
| Keshavdas | Rasikpriya, Kavipriya | Riti kaal, Alankar & Shringar poetry |
| Dhanpal | — | Court poet of King Bhoja; later adopted Jainism |
| Balkavi Bairagi | — | Also known as Nandram Das Bairagi; poet + politician |
Maharana Pratap (Pratap Singh) was the ruler of Mewar, titled “Mewari Rana.”Shankar Shah belonged to Garha Mandla State and participated in resistance. Devnath Singh, son of Jhujhar Singh, fought from Ramgarh. Khaja and Bhima Nayak were Bhil leaders who resisted British rule. Fazil Mohammad Khan led the 1857 revolt in Bhopal.During the Bundela Rebellion (1843), Hirdeshah was the Zamindar of Hirapur. Bodhan Doua served as commander under Shahgarh King Bakhatwali.
The revolt began on 3 June 1857 from Neemuch, and spread to Murar (Gwalior) on 14 June 1857.Region-wise leadership:
Suppression: British officers → Colonel Durand, Stuart, Hamilton
Outcome: British regained control over Gwalior, Neemuch, Mhow, Mandsaur, Mandla, Indore, Sehore
Failure Reasons:
Vidyadhara Chandela faced Mahmud of Ghazni. The capital of Avanti Mahajanapada is associated with Omkareshwar (Mandhata / Shivapuri). The Dashpur (Mandsaur) inscription is considered the first advertisement of the world. Kaknam is the ancient name of Sanchi.
Siyaka II (Harsha), also known as Simhadattabhata, was a major ruler of the Parmar dynasty. He made Dhar his capital, adopted titles like Maharajadhirajapati and Mahamandalik Chudamani, and defeated Chalukya king Yograj near the Mahi River.In 972 AD, he defeated Rashtrakuta king Khotig and established an independent Malwa state. His empire extended from Jhalawar (North) to Tapi (South), Bhelsa (East) and Sabarmati (West). He captured Manyakhet, strengthening Parmar prestige, and expanded territory up to Narmada basin and Vidisha.
Famous painters include Narayan Shridhar Bendre (Baroda Group), Vishnu Chinchalkar (Dewas), Amritlal Begad (Jabalpur), Bhuri Bai (Bhil painter).Nana Saheb Panse was a court musician (Pakhawaj). The folk drama Turra Kalangi belongs to the Nimar region.
MPPSC was established on 1 November 1956 under Section 118(3) of State Reorganisation Act.Standing Committees of Zila Panchayat:
The state abolished the 1972 rule of paying income tax for ministers. Digvijay Singh and Motilal Vora did not hold the office of Leader of Opposition in MP Assembly.
| Year | Change |
|---|---|
| 1956 | 43 districts |
| 1972 | Bhopal, Rajnandgaon → 45 |
| 1998 | Barwani, Sheopur, Katni, Dindori, Umaria, Harda, Neemuch |
| 2000 | Chhattisgarh separated → MP remained 45 |
| 2003 | Burhanpur, Ashoknagar, Anuppur |
| 2008 | Alirajpur, Singrauli |
| 2013 | Agar Malwa |
| 2018 | Niwari |
| 2023 | Mauganj, Pandhurna, Maihar |
The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of MP. The state receives rainfall from both Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal branches. Gwalior represents a sub-tropical climate.
MP has 11 zones (out of 127 in India) including:
Malwa Plateau, Nimar Plains, Bundelkhand Plateau, Vindhya Plateau, Central Narmada Valley, Satpura Plateau, Kymore Plateau, Northern Hill Region, Gird Region, Jhabua Hills.
| Indicator | Highest | Lowest |
|---|---|---|
| Population | Indore | Harda |
| Density | Bhopal | Dindori |
| Sex Ratio | Balaghat (1021) | Bhind (837) |
| Literacy | Jabalpur (81.07%) | Alirajpur (36.10%) |
Baiga Development Agency operates in Mandla, Shahdol, Balaghat.
Major dams: Indira Sagar, Omkareshwar, Gandhi Sagar, Bansagar, Tawa
Projects:
Major thermal stations → Vindhyachal (largest), Satpura, Amarkantak, Sanjay Gandhi
Sironj is known for cotton cloth printing (Chinth).
| Industry | Location |
|---|---|
| Bamboo craft | Balaghat |
| Bell metal | Betul |
| Embroidery | Bhopal |
| Leather | Gwalior |
| Block printing | Bagh (Dhar) |
| Lacquerware | Budhni |
| Copperware | Chhatarpur |
| Mineral | Share |
|---|---|
| Diamond | 100% |
| Pyrophyllite | 62.91% |
| Rock Phosphate | 52.17% |
| Manganese | 24.64% |
| Copper | 19% |
| Dolomite | 11.16% |
| Limestone | 11.06% |
| Coal | 8.37% |
| CBM | 10% |
| River | Total (km) | MP (km) |
|---|---|---|
| Narmada | 1312 | 1077 |
| Chambal | 960 | 346 |
| Son | 784 | 470 |
| Sindh | 470 | 461 |
| Betwa | 575 | 216 |
| Ken | 427 | 292 |
| Tapti | 724 | 332 |
| Mahi | 583 | 158 |
Bhind–Morena region shows gully erosion → called “Rugged land of Chambal.”Types of erosion:
| City | Year | Fact |
|---|---|---|
| Jabalpur | 1864 | First municipality |
| Indore | 1870 | Early development |
| Neemuch | 1877 | First cantonment |
| Lashkar | 1887 | — |
| Datia | 1907 | — |
IGRMS (Bhopal) → National Museum of Humankind (Anthropology)
Mnemonics:
BQ – Constitution
CR – Composition
DT – Reservation
FV – Disqualification
GW – Powers
HX – Tax
KZA – Elections
Bacterial: Anthrax, Black Quarter, Tetanus, Tuberculosis, Colibacillosis
Viral: FMD, Rabies, Plague, Pox, Influenza
Parasitic: Tapeworm, Hydatid cyst, Ascariasis, Babesiosis, Theileriosis