The Central Hindu College, Banaras, was established in 1898 by Annie Besant and later became the nucleus of BHU, founded in 1916 by Madan Mohan Malviya with her support.
Bengal National College (1906)- by Aurobindo Ghosh ( principal ) & Rashbehari Ghosh ( President )
Sanskrit College, Banaras was founded in 1791 by Jonathan Duncan for the study of Hindu laws, literature, and religion.
Calcutta Madrasa was established by Warren Hastings in 1781 for Persian and Arabic studies.
Fort William College was established in 1800 at Calcutta by Lord Wellesley to train British officials and civilians in Indian languages, literature, and culture for better administration.
Fort William College was set up in 1800 by Lord Wellesley to train Company civil servants in vernacular languages and Indian customs.
Central Legislative Assembly, 1929 (Bombing) – Delhi.
Sanskrit College, Banaras, was founded in 1791, became a university in 1958, and was renamed Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya in 1974.
Hindu College, Banaras, was established in 1916.
Education commission set up by the British Indian Government: – Charles Wood dispatch (1854) – Hunter commission (1882) – Raleigh commission (1902) – Sadler commission (1917) – Hartog Commission (1929) – Sargent plan (1944)
SOCIAL REFORM & WOMEN’S UPLIFTMENT
Prarthana Samaj was founded in 1867 in Mumbai by Dr. Atmaram Pandurang to promote rational worship free from superstition and rituals and to work for social reforms such as removal of caste discrimination, women’s rights, and widow remarriage.
Arya Mahila Samaj - 1882- Pandit Ramabai
Women’s Indian Association (WIA) was founded at Adayar, Madras, in 1917 by Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa, and others.
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) movement or Aruvippuram movement:
was an example of a religious movement born out of the conflict between the depressed classes and upper caste.
It was started by Sree Narayana Guru among the Ezhavas of Kerala.
Ezhavas were a backward caste of toddy tappers and were considered to be untouchables, denied education and entry into temples.
Narayan Guru himself was from the Ezhavas caste, he took the stone from the neyyar river and installed it as a Shiva Linga at Aruvippuram on Shivaratri in 1888.
With this, he began a revolution that soon led to the removal of many discriminations in Kerala society.
The Aruvippuram movement drew the famous poet Kumaran Asan as a disciple of Narayana Guru.
Sharda Act 1929- child marriage restraint act
MD Bin Tughlaq- prohibit sati
Paramhans Mandali (Bombay, 1844) worked for caste abolition.
FREEDOM MOVEMENT & REVOLUTIONARIES
Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent nationalist leader who compared the Dandi March of Mahatma Gandhi to Napoleon’s Paris March to highlight its significance.
Hind Swaraj: Force of love and pity is infinitely greater than the force of arms- MKG
Jatindra Nath Das - HSRA , Non - Cooperation movement, Anushilan Samiti was just a 17 yrs old boy
Ras Bihari Bose was associated with the Ghadar Party.
Revolutionary Organizations:
Chapekar Club (secret society): Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, Damodar Bhide, Khanderao Sathe, Balwant Natu
Barrah Dacoity was the first major revolutionary action of the freedom movement in West Bengal.
Barrah Dacoity was led by Pulin Bihari Das.
Other Revolutionary Cases:
Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case 1908
Delhi Conspiracy Case 1912
Peshawar Conspiracy Case 1922-1927
Kakori Conspiracy Case 1925
Meerut Conspiracy Case 1929
Ghadar party - By Sohan Singh & Lala Hardyaal ( Co founder) were set up at San Francisco at Yugantar Ashram; Originally it was Pacific coast Hindustan Association
Free India society - Madam Bhikaji Kama
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case: Some newly turned communists named: M N Roy, Muzaffar Ahamed, S A Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini G
INA Motto: Unity, Faith, and Sacrifice
Free India (Azad Hind Government) was proclaimed in 1943.
Jatindra Nath Das: HSRA, Non-Cooperation, Anushilan Samiti; age 17.
John Saunders (ASP) was assassinated in 1927 by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA).
The Central Legislative Assembly bombing took place in Delhi in 1929.
Abhinav Bharat: Founded in 1904; Founder: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar.
Kuka (Namdhari) Movement began in 1845 under Bhagat Jawahar Mal and Guru Ram Singh.
BATTLES & WARS (ANCIENT, MEDIEVAL, AND COLONIAL)
Battle of Chandwar (1194) - Jaichand vs Gori (Jaichand was killed)
Battle of Khatoli (1517) - Rana Sanga vs Ibrahim Lodi
Battle of Khanwa (1527) - Rana Sanga vs Babur
Battle of Bilgram (1540) - Humayun vs Sher Shah Suri; Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun
Battle of Sarnal (1572) - Mughal vs Muhammad Husain Mirza
Battle of Dharmat (1658) - Aurangzeb vs Dara Shikoh; Dara Shikoh defeated
Battle of Jajau (June 12, 1707) - Succession to Mughal throne after Aurangzeb; fought at Jajau, south of Agra on Yamuna
Battle of Shakarkheda (1724) - Nizam UK Mulk + Mubariz Khan vs Subedar of Deccan
Battle of Bedara (1759) - English vs Dutch
Battle of Porto Novo (1781) - Hyder Ali vs British East India Company
Battle of Mudki (1845) - East India Company + Sikh Khalsa
TREATIES & DIPLOMACY
Treaty of Sugauli (1816): Nepal & East India Company
Treaty of Yandabo (1826): 1st Anglo-Burmese War ending
Treaty of Gandmak (1879): 2nd Anglo-Afghan War
Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Great Britain & Tibet
Subsidiary Alliance: aimed at non-intervention or securing a fixed income for the Company; associated with Lord Wellesley
Post-dated cheque: Dominion status after war
POLITICAL MOVEMENTS & CONFERENCES
Shimla Conference: 14 June 1945
Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (RIN): 25 Feb 1946
Cabinet Mission: 24 March 1946
Direct Action Day: 16th Aug 1946
Communal Award: 1932
POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & ASSOCIATIONS
East India Association (1866) - Dadabhai Nauroji
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870) - M.G. Ranade
Indian League (1875) - Shishir Kumar Ghosh
Indian Association of Calcutta (1876) - SN Banerjee & Aurobindo Bhattacharya
Madras Mahajan Sabha (1884) - Ramaswami Mudaliar and P. Anandacharlu
Swarajists (Pro-Changers) included Motilal Nehru, C. R. Das, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar, and Ajmal Khan
Revolutionary Socialist Party was founded in 1940 by Tridib Choudhary
Hind Mazdoor Sabha was founded in 1948 by Ashok Mehta, T. S. Ramanujam, and G. G. Mehta
ART, CULTURE & LITERATURE
Abhijnanashakuntalam is considered one of the best hundred literary works in the world; first translated into English by Sir William Jones
Kumarasambhavam is written by Kalidasa; story about birth of Shiva-Parvati’s son; contains references to Sati system
Savarkar: War of Indian Independence
Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History, Discovery of India, Meri Kahani
MKG: My Experiments with Truth, Hindu Swarajya
R.N. Tagore: Chandalika, Home & the World, Gora, Hungry Stones, Visarjan
Lala Lajpat Rai: Unhappy India
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Gubre khatir
DR Rajendra Prasad: India Divided
Lala Hardayal: Hints for Self Culture
Surendra Nath Banerjee: A Nation in Making
Bengali literature: SNB
Home and the World: RNT
Gora: RNT
Hungry Stones: RNT
Visarjan: RNT
Relief of Lucknow (1859) - Thomas Jones Barker
In Memoriam - Joseph Noel Paton
Nandalal Bose and Raja Ravi Varma represented the new trend in Indian art
Bengal School of Art - Abanindranath Tagore, E. B. Havell, Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy
Picasso of India: Maqbool Fida Husain
Monuments of Hampi: World’s largest open-air museum
Thousand Pillar Temple: Chalukyan Architecture
RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
Vajrapani: Holds thunderbolt; dark blue/white
Manjusri: Bodhisattva of supreme wisdom
Avalokitesvara: Also known as Padmapani
Jina: Means conqueror
Abhay Mudra: Immediately after enlightenment
Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar
ECONOMIC HISTORY & TRADE
Commercialization of Indian agriculture was a result of British rule in 19th century
Indigo cultivation in India declined by the beginning of the 20th century due to its unprofitability in the world market because of new inventions
The Dutch exported indigo, cotton textiles, saltpeter, raw silk, and opium from India
Cashew nut, rajma, pineapple, kidney bean, and maize were introduced into India by the Portuguese
Economically, one result of British rule in 19th-century India was the growth of commercial crops and supply of raw materials for British industries
The staple exports of the English East India Company from Bengal in the mid-18th century were cotton, silk, saltpetre, and opium
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION & POLICIES
Charter Act of 1813 renewed the East India Company’s charter for 20 years
Queen Elizabeth I granted the East India Company charter in 1600
East India Company was permitted to establish a factory at Surat by Jahangir
British East India Company captured Pondicherry from the French in 1761
Sindh was annexed to the British Empire in 1843
Dalhousie annexed Lower Burma to the British Empire
King Charles received Bombay as dowry from the Portuguese in 1662
During Shah Jahan’s reign, the Portuguese were driven out of Hooghly (1632 CE) by Kasim Khan
Reforms of Cornwallis: Litigation increased after land settlement due to the removal of court fees, extension of the right of appeal, abolition of court fees, and lawyers being allowed to prescribe their own fees
Sunset Law was part of the Permanent Settlement
Jagirdari System: Land revenue assigned instead of salary (jagir); not hereditary; did not affect hereditary rights of intermediaries; jagirdars appointed officials like amil; faujdars assisted jagirdars in revenue collection
Mansabdari System: Introduced by Akbar; taken from Mongolian system; appointments, promotions, and dismissals made only by the emperor
Subsidiary Alliance: aimed at non-intervention or securing a fixed income for the Company; associated with Lord Wellesley
EDUCATION & REFORMS
Charles Wood Dispatch (1854)
Hunter Commission (1882)
Raleigh Commission (1902)
Sadler Commission (1917)
Hartog Commission (1929)
Sargent Plan (1944)
Fort William College (1800, Calcutta): established by Lord Wellesley to train British officials and civilians in Indian languages, literature, and culture
Calcutta Madrasa (1781) established by Warren Hastings for Persian and Arabic studies
Sanskrit College, Banaras (1791) founded by Jonathan Duncan for Hindu laws, literature, and religion; became Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya in 1974
Central Hindu College, Banaras (1898) established by Annie Besant; later became nucleus of BHU (1916) founded by Madan Mohan Malviya
Hindu College, Banaras (1916)
Paramhans Mandali (Bombay, 1844) worked for caste abolition
National Council of Education: established during Swadeshi Movement
CIVIL SERVICES & BUREAUCRACY
Thomas Babington Macaulay (1835): ‘Minute on Indian Education’; recommended English education for natives
Macaulay’s recommendations → ICS Act 1861, open merit recruitment for Indians
ICS exams initially in London; age limit 18–23; syllabus favored British
Satyendranath Tagore (1864): First Indian to clear ICS exam
Dyarchy involved division of subjects at provincial level: Reserved (land revenue, law and order) & Transferred (education, local self-government, agriculture, public health)
NATIONAL MOVEMENT & MASS MOVEMENTS
Kheda Satyagraha (1918): led by Mahatma Gandhi, launched 4 days after Ahmedabad Mill Strike; against 23% land revenue despite crop failure; Patidar community refused to pay
Leaders of Kheda Satyagraha: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, Ravi Shankar Vyas, Shankarlal Banker, Indulal Yagnik, Mahadev Desai
Hind Swaraj (MKG): “Force of love and pity is infinitely greater than the force of arms”
Bengal National College (1906): Principal – Aurobindo Ghosh; President – Rashbehari Ghosh
Subhash Chandra Bose: compared Dandi March to Napoleon’s Paris March
Direct Action Day announced by Muslim League on 16 August 1946
Swadeshi Movement: started by Moderates; later joined by nationalist revolutionaries
Revolutionary Organizations:
Chapekar Club (secret society): Mahadeo Vinayak Ranade, Damodar Bhide, Khanderao Sathe, Balwant Natu
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA): John Saunders assassination (1927), Central Legislative Assembly bombing (1929)
Abhinav Bharat (1904): Founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Kuka (Namdhari) Movement (1845): Bhagat Jawahar Mal, Guru Ram Singh
Ghadar Party: Sohan Singh & Lala Hardyal; founded in San Francisco (Pacific Coast Hindustan Association → Yugantar Ashram)
Free India Society: Madam Bhikaji Kama
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case: M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini G
LEADERS & PERSONALITIES
Mahatma Gandhi: Father of the Nation (as per Supreme Court, 1944)
Subhash Chandra Bose: INA Motto – Unity, Faith, Sacrifice; Free India (Azad Hind Government, 1943)
Jatindra Nath Das: HSRA, Non-Cooperation Movement, Anushilan Samiti; age 17; threw bomb with Bhagat Singh in Lahore Assembly
Aurobindo Ghosh: “Political freedom is the life breath of a nation”
Dadabhai Naoroji: “Poverty and Un-British Rule in India”
G. Subramania Iyer: “Economic Aspects of British Rule in India” (1988)
R. C. Dutt: “The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age”
Dr. Rajendra Prasad: performed Pran-Pratistha at Somnath Temple on 11 May 1951
Pherozeshah Mehta: Founder of Central Bank of India; Bombay Chronicle (1913); Bombay Presidency Association (1885), Secretary
Gopal Krishna Gokhale: Founder of Servants of Indian Society (1905); mentor of Tilak
M. G. Ranade: ‘Father of Renaissance of Western India’; Widow Marriage Association (1861); Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1870)
Annie Besant: Women’s Indian Association (WIA, 1917); Central Hindu College (1898)
Pandit Ramabai: Arya Mahila Samaj (1882)
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES & CONSPIRACY CASES
Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case (1908)
Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912)
Peshawar Conspiracy Case (1922–1927)
Kakori Conspiracy Case (1925)
Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929)
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case: M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini G
John Saunders (ASP) assassination (1927) – Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
Central Legislative Assembly bombing (1929) – HRA
FREEDOM MOVEMENT & NATIONAL LEADERS
Hind Swaraj (MKG): “Force of love and pity is infinitely greater than the force of arms”
Jatindra Nath Das: HSRA, Non-Cooperation Movement, Anushilan Samiti; age 17
Subhash Chandra Bose: Compared Dandi March to Napoleon’s Paris March
Bengal National College (1906): Principal – Aurobindo Ghosh; President – Rashbehari Ghosh
Free India Society – Madam Bhikaji Kama
Ghadar Party: Founded in San Francisco by Sohan Singh & Lala Hardyal (Pacific Coast Hindustan Association → Yugantar Ashram)
INA: Motto – Unity, Faith, Sacrifice; Free India (Azad Hind Government, 1943)
Direct Action Day – 16 August 1946
Shimla Conference – 14 June 1945
Royal Indian Navy Mutiny (RIN) – 25 Feb 1946
Cabinet Mission – 24 March 1946
Communal Award – 1932
SOCIAL REFORMS & WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Women’s Indian Association (WIA, 1917): Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa, others
Arya Mahila Samaj (1882) – Pandit Ramabai
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP)/Aruvippuram Movement (1888): Social reform among Ezhavas, Kerala; installed Shiva Linga; disciple Kumaran Asan
Sharda Act (1929): Child Marriage Restraint
MD Bin Tughlaq: Prohibited Sati
Prarthana Samaj (1867, Mumbai): Dr. Atmaram Pandurang; rational worship, caste abolition, women’s rights, widow remarriage
Paramhans Mandali (Bombay, 1844): Worked for caste abolition
RELIGION & PHILOSOPHY
Vajrapani: Holds thunderbolt; dark blue/white
Manjusri: Bodhisattva of supreme wisdom
Avalokitesvara (Padmapani): Bodhisattva of compassion
Rulers: Sivaskanda Varman (4th CE – Ashwamedha), Simhavarman / Simhavishnu (575–600 AD, Buddhist), Mahendravarman (600–630 AD, Jain), Narsimharamn (630–668 AD), Nriptaunga, Last ruler – Aprajitavarman (killed by Cholas)
Chalukyas – Badami
Pandyas – Madurai
Pallavas – Kanchipuram
Ahmed Shah (Ahemdabad, 1411)
Mahmud Begada (Mustafabad, now Junagadh, 1458)
Murshidabad – Founded by Akbar
EDUCATION & REFORMS (COLONIAL)
Charles Wood Dispatch (1854)
Hunter Commission (1882)
Raleigh Commission (1902)
Sadler Commission (1917)
Hartog Commission (1929)
Sargent Plan (1944)
Fort William College (1800, Calcutta): Lord Wellesley; train British officials in Indian languages & culture
Calcutta Madrasa (1781, Warren Hastings): Persian & Arabic studies
Sanskrit College, Banaras (1791, Jonathan Duncan): Study of Hindu laws, literature, religion
Central Hindu College, Banaras (1898, Annie Besant): Later became nucleus of BHU (1916, Madan Mohan Malviya)
ECONOMIC & ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS
Iqta: Revenue collection system
Supported by Muqti to maintain troops
Source of information: Siyasatnama
Zamindari / Mirasidar / Ryotwari: Land revenue systems
Mansabdari System (Akbar): Appointments, promotions, dismissals by emperor; derived from Mongolian system
Jagirdari System: Land revenue assigned instead of salary; not hereditary; officials appointed like Amil; Faujdars assisted Jagirdars
TREATIES & DIPLOMACY
Treaty of Sugauli (1816): Nepal & East India Company
Treaty of Yandabo (1826): End of 1st Anglo-Burmese War
Treaty of Gandamak (1879): 2nd Anglo-Afghan War
Treaty of Lhasa (1904): Great Britain & Tibet
Subsidiary Alliance: Associated with Lord Wellesley; non-intervention/fixed income for Company
Charter Act of 1813: EIC charter renewed 20 years; asked: Who first opposed Portuguese? – Zamorin
NATIONAL MOVEMENT & MASS MOVEMENTS
Partition of Bengal: Announced 19 July 1905; effective 16 Oct 1905; Muslim League supported
Swadeshi Movement: Started by Moderates; joined by nationalists/revolutionaries
National Council of Education: Established during Swadeshi Movement
Khilafat Movement (1919): Supported by Congress; merged with Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement
Moplah (Malabar) Rebellion (1921): Extension of Khilafat Movement; led by Variyankunnath Kunjahammed Haji, Ali Musliyar, Seethi Koya Thangal
Kheda Satyagraha (1918): Mahatma Gandhi; 4 days after Ahmedabad Mill Strike; 23% land revenue; Patidar community refused to pay
Other leaders: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya, Ravi Shankar Vyas, Shankarlal Banker, Indulal Yagnik, Mahadev Desai
POLITICAL LEGISLATION & CONSTITUTIONAL REFORMS
Indian Councils Act (1909): Members can ask supplementary questions, move budget resolutions
Government of India Act 1919: Introduced Responsible Govt
Government of India Act 1935: Introduced Federal Govt
Dyarchy: Division of provincial subjects – Reserved (land revenue, law/order), Transferred (education, local self-govt, agriculture, public health)
Ilbert Bill (1883, Lord Ripon): Allow Indian judges to try Europeans in Sessions Courts
ARTS, LITERATURE & CULTURE (LATER PART)
Abhijnanashakuntalam: World-renowned literary work; translated by Sir William Jones
Kumarasambhavam: Kalidasa; birth of Shiva-Parvati’s son; mentions Sati system
Savarkar: War of Indian Independence
Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History, Discovery of India, Meri Kahani
MKG: My Experiments with Truth, Hindu Swarajya
R.N. Tagore: Chandalika, Home & the World, Gora, Hungry Stones, Visarjan
Lala Lajpat Rai: Unhappy India
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: Gubre Khatir
DR Rajendra Prasad: India Divided
Lala Hardayal: Hints for Self Culture
Surendra Nath Banerjee: A Nation in Making
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (COLD WAR & WORLD EVENTS)
1947: Truman Doctrine
1954: Creation of SEATO
1955: Creation of Baghdad Pact
1956: USSR intervention in Hungary
1991: Cold War ended
Panchsheel: Basis of India’s foreign policy
NAM: Founded at Belgrade
REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES & FREEDOM MOVEMENT
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA):
John Saunders (ASP) assassinated, 1927
Central Legislative Assembly Bombing, Delhi, 1929
Abhinav Bharat: Founded 1904 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Kuka (Namdhari) Movement: Started 1845 under Bhagat Jawahar Mal & Guru Ram Singh
Bengal National College (1906): Principal – Aurobindo Ghosh, President – Rashbehari Ghosh
Free India Society: Madam Bhikaji Kama
Ghadar Party: Founded in San Francisco by Sohan Singh & Lala Hardyal (Pacific Coast Hindustan Association → Yugantar Ashram)
Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case: M. N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, S. A. Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini G.
INDIAN NATIONALISTS & THINKERS
“Political freedom is the life breath of a nation” – Aurobindo Ghosh
Hind Swaraj: “Force of love and pity is infinitely greater than the force of arms” – Mahatma Gandhi
Jatindra Nath Das: HSRA, Non-Cooperation Movement, Anushilan Samiti; age 17
Tarak Nath Das: Associated with Free Hindustan
Shyamji Krishna Verma: Indian sociologist
Subhash Chandra Bose: Compared Dandi March to Napoleon’s Paris March
Pherozeshah Mehta: Founder of Central Bank of India, Bombay Chronicle (1913), Bombay Presidency Association (1885)
REVOLUTIONARY CASES & CONSPIRACIES
Muzaffarpur Conspiracy Case, 1908
Delhi Conspiracy Case, 1912
Peshawar Conspiracy Case, 1922–27
Kakori Conspiracy Case, 1925
Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) activities
Barrah Dacoity: First major revolutionary action in West Bengal; led by Pulin Bihari Das
RELIGIOUS & SOCIAL REFORMS
Prarthana Samaj (1867, Mumbai): Dr. Atmaram Pandurang
Paramhans Mandali (Bombay, 1844): Worked for caste abolition
Women’s Indian Association (WIA), 1917, Adyar, Madras: Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins, Jeena Raja Dasa, others
Sree Narayana Guru Dharma Paripalana (SNDP) / Aruvippuram Movement (1888): Social reform among Ezhavas, installation of Shiva Linga at Aruvippuram; disciple Kumaran Asan
Arya Mahila Samaj (1882): Founded by Pandit Ramabai
Sharda Act, 1929: Child Marriage Restraint Act
ART, PAINTINGS & CULTURE
Relief of Lucknow (1859): Thomas Jones Barker
In Memoriam: Joseph Noel Paton
Nandalal Bose & Raja Ravi Varma: New trends in Indian art
Bengal School of Art: Led by Abanindranath Tagore, E. B. Havell, Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy
Picasso of India: M. F. Husain
Monuments of Hampi: World’s largest open-air museum
Thousand Pillar Temple: Chalukyan architecture
INDIAN ECONOMIC NATIONALISM
Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade, G. V. Joshi, R. C. Dutt, K. T. Telang, G. K. Gokhale, D. E. Wacha: Scientific critique of colonialism, late 19th century
Indigo cultivation decline: Early 20th century due to unprofitability in world market
Commercialization of Indian agriculture: Result of British rule, 19th century
Neel Darpan (1858–59, Dinabandhu Mitra): Exposed exploitation of indigo peasants
CIVIL SERVICES & EDUCATION
Thomas Babington Macaulay (1835): ‘Minute on Indian Education’; recommended English education
ICS Act 1861: Open merit recruitment for Indians
ICS exams initially in London; age limit 18–23; syllabus favored British
Satyendranath Tagore (1863): First Indian ICS officer
Sanskrit College, Banaras: Became university in 1958; renamed Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya in 1974
Central Hindu College, Banaras (1916, Madan Mohan Malviya with Annie Besant support)
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION & POLICIES
Subsidiary Alliance: Aimed at non-intervention / fixed income for Company; associated with Lord Wellesley
Reforms of Cornwallis: Litigation increased after land settlement due to removal of court fees; lawyers allowed to prescribe their own fees; extension of right of appeal; abolition of court fees
Sunset Law: Part of Permanent Settlement
Jagirdari System: Land revenue assigned instead of salary (jagir); not hereditary; did not affect hereditary rights of intermediaries; jagirdars appointed officials like amil; faujdars assisted in revenue collection
Dyarchy: Division of provincial subjects into Reserved (land revenue, law & order) and Transferred (education, local self-government, agriculture, public health)
Ilbert Bill (1883): Introduced under Lord Ripon; drafted by Sir Courtenay Ilbert; objective – allow Indian judges to try Europeans in sessions courts
REVOLT OF 1857 – LEADERS
Nana Saheb (Kanpur)
Liaqat Ali (Allahabad)
Khan Bahadur Khan (Bareilly)
Begum Hazrat Mahal (Lucknow)
Kunwar Singh (Arrah)
BENGAL NAWABS & ADMINISTRATION
First Nawab of Bengal: Murshid Quli Khan (1707–1728)
Capital shifted from Dhaka to Murshidabad in 1704
English East India Company captured Pondicherry from French in 1761
Sindh annexed to British Empire in 1843
Dalhousie annexed Lower Burma to British Empire
King Charles received Bombay as dowry from Portuguese in 1662
Portuguese driven out of Hooghly (1632 CE) during Shah Jahan’s reign by Kasim Khan
Dutch exported indigo, cotton textiles, saltpeter, raw silk, opium from India
Danes mostly involved in missionary and conversion activities
EUROPEAN CONTACT & TRADE
First English factory (temporary): Masulipatnam, 1611
First permanent factory: Surat, 1613
First South India factory: Masulipatnam, 1616
First East India factory: Hariharpur (1633) & Balasore (Odisha)