Badminton tournaments at international and national levels are associated with several important cups and trophies.
Table Tennis championships are associated with prestigious national and international trophies.
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted in 1987.It operates under the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
The Montreal Protocol specifically deals with substances responsible for ozone layer depletion.
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The agreement aims to combat climate change through global cooperation.
The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The Stockholm Convention came into force in 2004.
To eliminate or restrict production and use of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
POPs are chemical substances that:
The Convention on Biological Diversity is a legally binding agreement resulting from the Rio Earth Summit of 1992.
The United Nations observes International Day for Biological Diversity on:[
22;May
]
2020: Our Solutions are in Nature2019: Our Biodiversity, Our Food, Our Health2018: Celebrating 25 Years of Action for Biodiversity
Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization.
Rome, Italy
Works under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) for promoting agricultural biodiversity and sustainable food systems.
The Red Data Book is an official record of rare and endangered species.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
1948, France
Air pollutants are classified according to their origin.
Primary pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere in harmful form.
Secondary pollutants are produced through chemical or photochemical reactions involving primary pollutants.
The least environmentally harmful method for controlling insects is the use of Intercropping and Crop Rotation.
Crop rotation involves growing different crops on the same land in a planned sequence.Benefits:
Intercropping involves growing two or more crop species together.Benefits:
Ultrasonic scanning works on the principle of Echolocation or SONAR.High-frequency sound waves are transmitted into the body.When these waves encounter boundaries between different tissues, part of the wave is reflected back as an echo.The returning echoes are processed to generate images of internal organs.
SONAR stands for:Sound Navigation And RangingIt uses ultrasonic waves to measure:
The Alpha Centauri system is the closest known star system to the Sun.
Approximately:
4.37;Light;Years
Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to Earth after the Sun.
Newton's Third Law states:For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
The operation of a rotatory lawn sprinkler is based on Newton's Third Law.As water emerges from the nozzle, it exerts an equal and opposite reaction force on the sprinkler, causing rotation.
The reaction is:[
CH3COOH+NaHCO3→CH3COONa+H2O+CO2
When passed through lime water, carbon dioxide turns the lime water milky.
Entropy is the average amount of information required to remove uncertainty regarding the outcome of an event.It represents the average information content of a probability distribution.
Bandwidth is defined as the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies transmitted through a communication channel.It represents the passband of the channel.
A quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction.Example:
The Economic Census programme was launched by the Government of India in 1976.The first Economic Census was conducted in 1977 by the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) in collaboration with the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) of States and Union Territories.
The census covers entrepreneurial units engaged in:
The information is used for:
Six Economic Censuses have been completed. The Seventh Economic Census started in 2019 and was extended due to the pandemic and lockdown period.
A balanced modulator suppresses the carrier component and produces only the sidebands. The output contains the Upper Sideband (USB) and Lower Sideband (LSB), while the carrier is eliminated.
In a PLL FM demodulator, the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) generates a frequency that tracks the incoming FM signal. The control voltage applied to the VCO follows the frequency variations of the FM signal and is used to recover the original message signal.
A VCO is an oscillator whose output frequency varies according to the applied control voltage.
FSK is a digital modulation technique in which binary information is represented by different carrier frequencies.
DPSK detects phase changes relative to the previous bit. Since information is carried in the phase difference between successive bits, an absolute phase reference is not required.
Pulse Width Modulation is also known as Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM). In PWM, the pulse width varies according to the amplitude of the message signal.
In PPM, information is transmitted by changing the position of the pulse with respect to a reference.Characteristics:
A Raised Cosine Filter is used to minimize Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) in digital communication systems.For a raised cosine filter:
α=0
corresponds to an Ideal Nyquist Filter.
An Eye Diagram is a graphical tool used to evaluate the performance of a digital communication system.
The eye opening width indicates the safe sampling interval available for accurate signal detection.
A closed eye pattern indicates severe overlap of adjacent symbols and increased inter-symbol interference.
Eye diagrams are generally observed using a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO).
Optical fibre communication operates on the principle of Total Internal Reflection (TIR).Light signals travel through the fibre core by repeated total internal reflections, enabling efficient transmission over long distances.
A superheterodyne receiver converts the incoming Radio Frequency (RF) signal into a fixed Intermediate Frequency (IF).
The primary purpose of IF amplification is:
The Nyquist formula is applicable to noiseless band-limited communication channels and is used for determining the maximum data transmission rate.
In Frequency Modulation, information is carried by changes in carrier frequency.
FM is least affected by amplitude noise because information is contained in frequency variations rather than amplitude variations.
In Phase Modulation (PM), frequency deviation depends upon:
β>1
indicates Wideband FM (WBFM).
The standard channel spacing used in FM broadcasting is approximately:
200;kHz
Conventional AM signals can be demodulated using an Envelope Detector.
Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) transmission suppresses the carrier and transmits only the upper and lower sidebands.
A Ring Modulator is commonly used for DSB-SC generation.
For an SSB signal carrying audio frequencies up to 4 kHz:[
Bandwidth = 4kHz
]
SAR ADC performs conversion by checking bits from:
Its operation is analogous to a binary search algorithm.
A Dual Slope ADC works by integrating the input signal.
| Parameter | Ranking |
|---|---|
| Speed | Flash > SAR > Sigma-Delta > Dual-Slope |
| Resolution | Sigma-Delta > Dual-Slope > SAR > Flash |
| Accuracy | Dual-Slope ≈ Sigma-Delta > SAR > Flash |
A Frequency Synthesizer generates multiple output frequencies from a single reference frequency.It is widely used in communication transmitters, receivers, and signal generators.
A monostable multivibrator has only one stable state and does not store information.
A bistable multivibrator possesses two stable states and can act as a memory element.
A rectifier converts:[
AC --- > DC
]using semiconductor diodes.
Advantages:
A thermocouple operates on the Seebeck Effect.When two dissimilar metals are joined and subjected to a temperature difference, an electromotive force (EMF) is generated.
Reverberation is the persistence of sound due to multiple reflections after the original sound source has stopped.It results from repeated echoes within an enclosed space.
Presbyopia is a vision defect commonly associated with ageing.It generally occurs after the age of 40 years due to weakening of the ciliary muscles responsible for lens accommodation.
Wind increases the rate of evaporation by continuously removing the moist air surrounding a wet surface.This reduction in local humidity allows water molecules to evaporate more rapidly.
An ammeter measures electric current flowing through a circuit.
An ammeter must always be connected in series with the circuit element.
Deforestation itself is not classified as a direct reason stated in the given context for global warming.
Nuclear energy is energy obtained from nuclear reactions involving radioactive isotopes.
Polyblend is a fine powder prepared from modified and recycled plastic materials.
A true solution consists of a single phase system.
A colloidal system consists of two phases.
The Tendulkar Methodology is used for estimating poverty levels in India.According to this methodology, the percentage of population below the poverty line in rural India during 2011–12 was estimated at:
25.7%
Zawabit refers to secular laws and administrative regulations enacted by rulers of the Delhi Sultanate.These laws were distinct from religious laws.
Article 88 of the Constitution of India grants ministers the right to participate in:
Article 123 empowers the President of India to promulgate Ordinances when Parliament is not in session.
The Rudra Veena is closely associated with the Dhrupad style of Hindustani Classical Music.
Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande was a pioneering musicologist who developed the modern notation system used in Hindustani Classical Music.
The Millennium Development Goals were established following the United Nations Millennium Summit held in 2000.
One of the primary objectives was the reduction of extreme poverty across the world.
The goals were intended to be achieved by:[
2015
]These goals formed an important global development framework before the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).