| Person | Title Received | Given By | Occasion / Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mihir Bhoja | Adivaraha | Self-assumed (as devotee of Vishnu) | Religious devotion to Vishnu; title found on coins |
| Medieval Kings (general) | Maharajadhiraja, Param-bhattaraka, Chakravartin | Self-assumed | To show supreme sovereignty despite limited real control |
| Rajendra Chola I | Gangaikondachola | Self-assumed | After successful campaign reaching Ganga (Bengal expedition, 1022) |
| Feudal Chiefs / Officials | Mahasamantadhipati | Self-assumed | To imitate royal grandeur and show status |
| Abbasid Generals | Amir-ul-Umra | Caliph | Formal recognition of powerful generals ruling independent areas |
| Turkish Rulers (general) | Amir → Sultan | Initially Caliph recognition → later self-assumed | Transition from provincial authority to independent sovereignty |
| Alauddin Husain Shah | Jahan-soz (World Burner) | Given by others (based on actions) | For burning Ghazni in revenge |
| Iwaz Khalji | Ghiyasuddin Sultan | Self-assumed | Declaration of independence in Bengal-Bihar |
| Ghiyas ud din Balban (Ulugh Khan) | Balban (later title) | Adopted after accession | After becoming Sultan (1265) |
| Ramachandra of Devagiri | Rai Rayan | Alauddin Khalji | After surrender; political alliance and submission |
| Delhi Sultans (general) | Lord of the Universe | Self-assumed | Symbolic claim of universal authority (though limited actual control) |
| Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah | Bahman Shah | Self-assumed / linked to patron (Gangu) | After coronation; possibly tribute to Brahman patron |
| Mahmud Gawan | Malik-ut-Tujjar | Bahmani Sultan | Recognition after entering service and gaining favour |
| Person | Title Received | Given By | Occasion / Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah | Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Khan | Self-assumed | After capturing Lakhnauti & Sonargaon and ascending throne (1338–42) |
| Maladhar Basu | Gunaraja Khan | Sultans of Bengal | Patronage for literary work (Sri Krishna Vijaya) |
| Son of Maladhar Basu | Satyaraja Khan | Sultans of Bengal | Honorary title (family recognition under patronage) |
| Zafar Khan Muzaffar Shah | Muzaffar Shah | Self-assumed | Declaration of independence (1407) |
| Malik Sarwar | Malik-us-Sharq (Lord of the East) | Delhi Sultan (Firuz Tughlaq period) | Appointment as governor of eastern regions |
| Successors of Malik Sarwar | Sharqi (dynastic title) | Derived from Malik Sarwar’s title | Identity based on founder’s title |
| Amir Khusrau | Nayak (master of music) | Contemporaries / court recognition | Excellence in theory & practice of music |
| Babur | Ghazi | Self-assumed | After victory over Rana Sanga (declared jihad) |
| Sher Shah Suri (Farid) | Sher Khan | His patron | For killing a tiger or for services rendered |
| Bairam Khan | Khan-i-Khanan | Mughal authority (during Akbar’s accession) | Appointment as vakil (regent) and military leadership |
| Hemu | Vikramajit | Adil Shah | Appointment as wazir and military commander |
| Sangram Shah (Aman Das) | Sangram Shah | Bahadur Shah of Gujarat | Help in conquest of Raisen |
| High Mughal Officials | Diwan / Diwan-i-Ala | Akbar | Administrative reorganisation (finance head) |
| Todar Mal | Diwan | Akbar | Expertise in revenue administration |
| Rai Patr Das | Rai Bikramajit | Mughal authority (Akbar period) | Recognition of service |
| Person / Group | Title Received | Given By | Occasion / Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mahesh Das | Raja Birbal | Akbar | He was brought to Akbar’s court, became his constant companion, and was honoured with this title. |
| Akbar | ‘a most just and wise king’ | Mahzar / declaration framed in his favour | In the mahzar, Akbar’s authority was elevated above the mujtahids in case of conflicting interpretations, so that he could choose the interpretation beneficial to the state. |
| Kankoji Narsi, a Brahman | Peshwa | Rulers of Ahmadnagar | Title accorded as part of the Deccan policy of employing Maharashtrian Brahmans in diplomacy and administration. |
| Murtaza Nizam Shah II | Murtaza Nizam Shah II | Malik Ambar set him up under this name/title | After the fall of Ahmadnagar, Malik Ambar found a Nizam Shahi prince and installed him as ruler. |
| Malik Ambar | Peshwa | Position assumed/held under the restored Nizam Shahi arrangement | After setting up Murtaza Nizam Shah II, Malik Ambar acted as Peshwa. The passage notes that this title had already been common in Ahmadnagar earlier. |
| Ibrahim Adil Shah II | Abla Baba / Friend of the Poor | Popularly known / attributed in the text | Because he was very solicitous to the poor. |
| Nur Jahan | Badshah Begum | Given in the Mughal court / by imperial recognition | Because of her extraordinary position and influence at Jahangir’s court; coins were also issued in her name. |
| Ottoman rulers | Sultan of Rum | Caliph at Cairo | The Ottoman Turks received this title from the caliph living at Cairo. |
| Ottoman rulers | Padshah-i-Islam | Assumed by themselves later | Later they adopted this title to assert wider Islamic sovereignty. |
| Gurus (as mentioned in the passage) | Sachcha Padshah / True Sovereign | Their followers | Followers used this title to emphasize the spiritual eminence of the gurus. |
| Shivaji | Haindava-Dharmoddhara | Assumed by Shivaji | He had assumed this title meaning Protector of the Hindu faith. |
| Shahu, son of Sambhaji | Raja | Aurangzeb | He was treated well in captivity and was given this title. |
| Shahu, son of Sambhaji | Mansab of 7000/7000 | Aurangzeb | Granted during captivity as recognition of his status and as part of political negotiation with the Marathas. |