1. PROKARYOTIC CELL & NUCLEOID
Prokaryotic cells are primitive and simple cells that:
In prokaryotes, genetic material is present in an irregular region called:
Nucleoid
| Nucleoid | Nucleus |
|---|---|
| No nuclear membrane | Membrane-bound |
| Found in prokaryotes | Found in eukaryotes |
| Primitive structure | Advanced structure |
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles responsible for energy production.
Food molecules are oxidized to produce:
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP is called:
Energy currency of the cell.
Because mitochondria produce most of the energy needed by cells.
Cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibres present inside the cytoplasm.
Smooth ER is a membranous network without ribosomes.
Produces:
Especially important in:
Liver cells
It detoxifies:
Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs filled with fluid.
Plant cells contain:
Large central vacuole
Animal cells contain:
Small vacuoles
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes.
White blood cells destroy bacteria through:
Phagocytosis
Hence they require numerous lysosomes.
Lysosomes are called:
“Suicidal Bags”
because they can digest their own cell during damage.
Lactose is:
Milk sugar
Breaks:Lactose→Glucose+GalactoseLactose \rightarrow Glucose + GalactoseLactose→Glucose+Galactose
In many adults:
Symptoms:
| Chamber | Function |
|---|---|
| Right Atrium | Receives deoxygenated blood |
| Right Ventricle | Pumps blood to lungs |
| Left Atrium | Receives oxygenated blood |
| Left Ventricle | Pumps oxygenated blood to body |
Lungs→Pulmonary Veins→Left AtriumLungs \rightarrow Pulmonary\ Veins \rightarrow Left\ AtriumLungs→Pulmonary Veins→Left AtriumThus:
Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood first.
Penicillin is:
An antibiotic
discovered by:
Alexander Fleming
Penicillin inhibits:
Cell wall synthesis in bacteria
Human cells:
Hence penicillin selectively affects bacteria.
| Disease | Type | Cause |
|---|---|---|
| Polio | Viral | Poliovirus |
| Dengue | Viral | Dengue virus |
| Athlete’s Foot | Fungal | Fungal infection |
Carotenoids are accessory pigments found in plants.
Responsible for:
Protect chlorophyll from:
Photo-oxidation
Act as:
Antioxidants
Example:
❌ Carotenoids are NOT reaction centres.
Chlorophyll-a
Traits transferred genetically from parents.
Traits developed during lifetime.
Acquired traits:
are not inherited genetically.
Organic farming avoids:
and uses natural methods.
Compost produced using earthworms.
Microorganisms that improve soil fertility.
Natural pest-control agents.
Growing different crops alternately on same field.
| Topic | Key Point |
|---|---|
| Nucleoid | DNA region in prokaryotes |
| Mitochondria | ATP production |
| Cytoskeleton | Cell shape |
| Smooth ER | Detoxification |
| Vacuoles | Storage |
| Lysosomes | Digestion |
| Lactase | Digests lactose |
| Left Atrium | Receives oxygenated blood |
| Penicillin | Acts on bacterial cell wall |
| Carotenoids | Photoprotection |
| Vermicompost | Nutrient-rich manure |
| Crop Rotation | Pest control |