European Mountains – Consolidated MCQs

European Mountains – Consolidated MCQs

1. Pyrenees (Spain/France/Andorra)

Question 1: The Pyrenees mountains are an example of which type of mountain?
A) Block mountains
B) Fold mountains ✅
C) Volcanic mountains
D) Plateau mountains
Answer: B) Fold mountains
Solution: The Pyrenees formed by the collision of the Iberian and Eurasian plates, creating fold mountains.

Question 2: Which European mountain range separates Spain and France?
A) Alps
B) Pyrenees ✅
C) Apennines
D) Massif Central
Answer: B) Pyrenees
Solution: The Pyrenees extend ~430 km and act as a natural border between Spain and France.

2. Massif Central (France)

Question 3: Massif Central is known for which type of geological activity?
A) Active stratovolcano
B) Extinct volcanoes ✅
C) Shield volcano
D) Fissure volcano
Answer: B) Extinct volcanoes
Solution: Massif Central contains cinder cones, lava domes, and maars; last eruptions ~4,000 years ago.

Question 4: Chaîne des Puys, located in Massif Central, is famous for:
A) Lava domes and cinder cones ✅
B) Stratovolcanoes
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Fissure eruptions
Answer: A) Lava domes and cinder cones
Solution: UNESCO World Heritage site; contains ~80 volcanic features including maars.

Question 5: Massif Central volcanic cones are primarily:
A) Stratovolcanoes
B) Cinder cones and lava domes ✅
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Calderas
Answer: B) Cinder cones and lava domes
Solution: Extinct volcanic features formed from eruptions 4,000+ years ago.

3. Black Forest (Germany)

Question 6: Black Forest mountains in Germany are primarily:
A) Fold mountains ✅
B) Volcanic mountains
C) Block mountains
D) Residual hills
Answer: A) Fold mountains
Solution: Composed of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks; part of the Hercynian orogeny.

4. Eifel Volcanic Field (Germany)

Question 7: The Eifel volcanic field features which type of volcanic formations?
A) Shield volcanoes
B) Maars and cinder cones ✅
C) Stratovolcanoes
D) Lava domes
Answer: B) Maars and cinder cones
Solution: Formed by phreatomagmatic eruptions; last eruption ~10,000 years ago.

Question 8: Eifel volcanic maars are formed due to:
A) Effusive eruptions
B) Strombolian eruptions
C) Phreatomagmatic eruptions ✅
D) Fissure eruptions
Answer: C) Phreatomagmatic eruptions
Solution: Explosive interaction of magma with groundwater forms crater lakes called maars.

5. Alps (France, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Germany)

Question 9: The Alps are classified as which mountain type?
A) Fold mountains ✅
B) Block mountains
C) Volcanic mountains
D) Residual hills
Answer: A) Fold mountains
Solution: Formed by collision of African and Eurasian plates; composed of metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.

Question 10: The Northern Limestone Alps in Austria and Germany are primarily:
A) Volcanic mountains
B) Fold mountains ✅
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Plateau mountains
Answer: B) Fold mountains
Solution: Characterized by limestone strata folded during Alpine orogeny.

Question 11: Grossglockner, the highest peak of Austria, belongs to which mountain group?
A) Hohe Tauern ✅
B) Zillertal Alps
C) Rätikon
D) Karawanken
Answer: A) Hohe Tauern
Solution: Part of Central Eastern Alps; highest Austrian peak at 3,798 m.

Question 12: Mont Blanc (France/Italy) is:
A) Shield volcano
B) Fold mountain ✅
C) Cinder cone
D) Lava dome
Answer: B) Fold mountain
Solution: Highest mountain in the Alps (~4,808 m); formed by collision of African and Eurasian plates.

6. Apennines (Italy)

Question 13: The Apennines are primarily:
A) Volcanic mountains
B) Fold mountains ✅
C) Block mountains
D) Residual hills
Answer: B) Fold mountains
Solution: Run along Italy; contain volcanic formations like Vesuvius and Colli Albani.

Question 14: Mount Vesuvius belongs to which volcanic type?
A) Shield volcano
B) Stratovolcano ✅
C) Fissure volcano
D) Cinder cone
Answer: B) Stratovolcano
Solution: Explosive eruptions; AD 79 destroyed Pompeii; part of Campanian volcanic arc.

Question 15: Colli Albani near Rome is classified as:
A) Dormant volcanic complex ✅
B) Stratovolcano
C) Lava plateau
D) Shield volcano
Answer: A) Dormant volcanic complex
Solution: Features maars and calderas; monitored for potential hazards.

Question 16: Stromboli in the Aeolian Islands is known for:
A) Plinian eruptions
B) Strombolian eruptions ✅
C) Hawaiian eruptions
D) Fissure eruptions
Answer: B) Strombolian eruptions
Solution: Mild, frequent eruptions; visible from sea; continuous activity.

Question 17: Vulcano Island, origin of the term “volcano,” is:
A) Shield volcano
B) Stratovolcano ✅
C) Cinder cone
D) Lava plateau
Answer: B) Stratovolcano
Solution: Last erupted 1888–1890; important geothermal and tourist site.

Question 18: Phlegraean Fields near Naples is classified as:
A) Shield volcano
B) Supervolcano caldera ✅
C) Stratovolcano
D) Lava dome
Answer: B) Supervolcano caldera
Solution: Large caldera; historically active; monitored for ground deformation.

Question 19: Mount Etna in Sicily is primarily:
A) Stratovolcano ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Lava dome
D) Fissure volcano
Answer: A) Stratovolcano
Solution: Europe’s largest and most active volcano; fertile soils support agriculture.

Question 20: Mount Teide (Canary Islands) is classified as:
A) Stratovolcano
B) Shield volcano ✅
C) Lava dome
D) Cinder cone
Answer: B) Shield volcano
Solution: Broad slopes; tallest peak in Spain; hotspot volcanic activity.

European Mountains & Volcanoes – Consolidated MCQs 

7. Dinaric Alps & Balkans (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania)

Q21. Dinaric Alps are:
A) Block mountains
B) Fold mountains ✅
C) Residual hills
D) Volcanic mountains
Answer: B
Solution: Formed during Alpine orogeny; limestone karst topography dominates.

Q22. Durmitor mountain (Montenegro) belongs to:
A) Fold mountains ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Stratovolcano
D) Block mountains
Answer: A
Solution: Part of Dinaric Alps; UNESCO World Heritage site.

8. Carpathians (Central & Eastern Europe – Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania)

Q23. The Carpathian Mountains are primarily:
A) Fold mountains ✅
B) Block mountains
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Residual hills
Answer: A
Solution: Arc-shaped range formed during Alpine orogeny; extends ~1,500 km.

Q24. The Eastern Carpathians have which volcanic features?
A) Stratovolcanoes ✅
B) Shield volcanoes
C) Fissure eruptions
D) None
Answer: A
Solution: Neogene volcanic arc with extinct stratovolcanoes in Romania and Slovakia.

Q25. Carpathians act as a natural boundary between:
A) France & Germany
B) Italy & Austria
C) Slovakia & Romania ✅
D) Spain & France
Answer: C
Solution: The Carpathians form a large arc across Central/Eastern Europe.

9. Caucasus Mountains (Russia, Georgia, Azerbaijan)

Q26. Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus is:
A) Active stratovolcano
B) Dormant stratovolcano ✅
C) Shield volcano
D) Lava dome
Answer: B
Solution: Highest peak in Europe (5,642 m); dormant stratovolcano.

Q27. Caucasus Mountains are classified as:
A) Fold mountains ✅
B) Block mountains
C) Volcanic mountains
D) Residual hills
Answer: A
Solution: Formed by collision of Arabian and Eurasian plates.

10. Icelandic Volcanism (North Atlantic)

Q28. Iceland’s volcanism is due to:
A) Subduction zone
B) Hotspot & Mid-Atlantic Ridge ✅
C) Himalayan orogeny
D) Rift valley collision
Answer: B
Solution: Iceland sits atop a divergent plate boundary and a hotspot.

Q29. Eyjafjallajökull eruption (2010) produced:
A) Shield-type lava
B) Explosive ash plume ✅
C) Caldera lake
D) Fissure eruption only
Answer: B
Solution: Caused widespread air travel disruption in Europe.

Q30. Laki eruption (1783) was:
A) Fissure eruption ✅
B) Stratovolcano eruption
C) Caldera-forming
D) Plinian
Answer: A
Solution: Largest historical fissure eruption; released vast sulfur aerosols.

Q31. Hekla volcano is:
A) Stratovolcano ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Caldera
D) Maar
Answer: A
Solution: Known as the “Gateway to Hell” in Middle Ages; frequent eruptions.

Q32. Katla volcano is covered by:
A) Glacier ✅
B) Desert
C) Karst
D) Salt flat
Answer: A
Solution: Lies beneath Mýrdalsjökull glacier; eruptions cause jökulhlaups (glacial floods).

11. Azores & Canary Islands (Atlantic)

Q33. Mount Pico in the Azores is:
A) Stratovolcano ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Caldera
D) Dome
Answer: A
Solution: Highest peak of Portugal; last erupted in 1718.

Q34. Cumbre Vieja (La Palma) eruption in 2021 was:
A) Stratovolcano eruption ✅
B) Shield eruption
C) Dome collapse
D) Maar formation
Answer: A
Solution: Produced lava flows destroying >3,000 buildings; Canary hotspot.

12. Other Notable European Volcanic Features

Q35. Santorini (Greece) is:
A) Shield volcano
B) Caldera ✅
C) Stratovolcano
D) Dome
Answer: B
Solution: Minoan eruption (~1600 BCE) created a caldera; one of the largest eruptions in history.

Q36. Mount Olympus in Greece is:
A) Fold mountain ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Stratovolcano
D) Dome
Answer: A
Solution: Highest mountain in Greece; mythological seat of Greek gods.

Q37. Hellenic Arc volcanism in Greece is due to:
A) Hotspot
B) Subduction of African Plate ✅
C) Mid-ocean ridge
D) Rift
Answer: B
Solution: African plate subducts beneath Aegean microplate forming active arc.

13. General Volcano & Mountain Types (Conceptual)

Q38. Which volcano type has broad, gently sloping sides built from fluid lava?
A) Stratovolcano
B) Cinder cone
C) Shield volcano ✅
D) Lava dome
Answer: C
Solution: Shield volcanoes (e.g., Mauna Loa, Mount Teide) form from low-viscosity lava.

Q39. Composite volcano is another name for:
A) Shield volcano
B) Stratovolcano ✅
C) Cinder cone
D) Maar
Answer: B
Solution: Composed of alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic material.

Q40. Maars are formed due to:
A) Lava flow
B) Phreatomagmatic explosions ✅
C) Dome growth
D) Shield eruptions
Answer: B
Solution: Groundwater interacts explosively with magma creating craters.

Q41. Dome or plug volcanoes form from:
A) High-viscosity lava ✅
B) Low-viscosity lava
C) Explosive caldera collapse
D) Basaltic fissure eruption
Answer: A
Solution: Sticky lava piles up near the vent forming steep-sided domes.

Q42. Which type of mountain forms from faulting of crust blocks?
A) Fold
B) Block ✅
C) Dome
D) Residual
Answer: B
Solution: Block mountains like Sierra Nevada form by faulting and uplift.

Q43. Residual mountains are:
A) Formed by erosion of plateaus ✅
B) Formed by folding
C) Volcanic
D) Block
Answer: A
Solution: Erosional remnants of older landforms, e.g., Nilgiri Hills in India.

Q44. Dome mountains are formed by:
A) Magma intruding and uplifting overlying strata ✅
B) Erosion of folded rocks
C) Subduction zones
D) Hotspots only
Answer: A
Solution: Magma pushes up crust but doesn’t break through, e.g., Black Hills USA.

Q45. Example of a volcanic island arc in Europe:
A) Canary Islands
B) Azores
C) Aeolian Islands ✅
D) Iceland
Answer: C
Solution: Aeolian Islands formed by subduction-related volcanism north of Sicily.

Q46. Example of a hotspot island chain in Europe:
A) Iceland ✅
B) Santorini
C) Stromboli
D) Elbrus
Answer: A
Solution: Iceland combines hotspot activity and mid-ocean ridge volcanism.

Q47. Plinian eruptions are:
A) Mild, frequent
B) Extremely explosive ✅
C) Quiet fissure flows
D) Low-viscosity lava
Answer: B
Solution: Named after Pliny the Younger’s description of Vesuvius AD 79 eruption.

Q48. Strombolian eruptions are:
A) Continuous mild explosions ✅
B) Supervolcanic caldera-forming
C) Fissure eruption
D) Phreatomagmatic
Answer: A
Solution: Moderate bursts of lava, characteristic of Stromboli volcano.

Q49. Hawaiian eruptions produce:
A) Basaltic lava flows ✅
B) Explosive ash plumes
C) Caldera collapse
D) Maars
Answer: A
Solution: Fluid lava fountains with low gas content form broad shields.

Q50. Supervolcanoes are characterized by:
A) Small stratovolcano cones
B) Eruptions exceeding 1,000 km³ of ejecta ✅
C) Frequent mild eruptions
D) Basaltic flows only
Answer: B
Solution: Examples: Yellowstone (USA), Campi Flegrei (Italy).

European Mountains & Volcanoes – Consolidated MCQs

51. Sierra Morena (Spain)

Q51: Sierra Morena is known for:
A) Rich in copper ores ✅
B) Volcanic activity
C) Limestone formations
D) Glacial features
Answer: A
Solution: Sierra Morena contains copper and other metallic mineral deposits; part of Hercynian fold mountains.

Q52: Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain) is classified as:
A) Volcanic mountains
B) Fold mountains ✅
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Residual hills
Answer: B
Solution: Formed during the Alpine orogeny; mainly granite and metamorphic rocks.

52. Cantabrian Mountains (Spain)

Q53: The Cantabrian Mountains are famous for:
A) Coal deposits ✅
B) Stratovolcanoes
C) Shield volcanoes
D) Cinder cones
Answer: A
Solution: Coal-bearing Carboniferous sediments; fold mountains extending along northern Spain.

Q54: Picos de Europa are part of:
A) Volcanic arc
B) Cantabrian fold mountains ✅
C) Shield mountains
D) Residual hills
Answer: B
Solution: Limestone peaks; known for karst features and glacial valleys.

53. Alps (Western to Eastern)

Q55: Mont Blanc is the highest peak of:
A) Alps ✅
B) Pyrenees
C) Apennines
D) Massif Central
Answer: A
Solution: Mont Blanc (4,808 m) lies between France and Italy; formed by Alpine orogeny.

Q56: Zillertal Alps are in:
A) Austria & Italy ✅
B) France
C) Germany
D) Switzerland
Answer: A
Solution: Part of the Central Eastern Alps; famous for glacial valleys and skiing.

Q57: Hohe Tauern contains:
A) Grossglockner ✅
B) Mont Blanc
C) Mount Etna
D) Mount Vesuvius
Answer: A
Solution: Highest Austrian Alps; rich in hydroelectric power potential and glaciers.

54. Apennines & Italy

Q58: Colli Albani volcanic complex is located near:
A) Naples ✅
B) Rome
C) Milan
D) Florence
Answer: B
Solution: Dormant volcanic system; maars and calderas are prominent.

Q59: Mount Etna provides which key resource?
A) Fertile soils for agriculture ✅
B) Gold ores
C) Coal
D) Copper
Answer: A
Solution: Volcanic soils in Sicily are extremely fertile for citrus, grapes, and olives.

Q60: Stromboli eruption type is:
A) Hawaiian
B) Plinian
C) Strombolian ✅
D) Fissure
Answer: C
Solution: Frequent mild explosive eruptions; continuous lava fountains.

55. Dinaric Alps & Balkans

Q61: Šar Mountains are located in:
A) Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia ✅
B) Spain
C) Italy
D) France
Answer: A
Solution: Part of Dinaric Alps; contain lead-zinc mineralization.

Q62: Osogovo Mountains are known for:
A) Metallic ores ✅
B) Tourism
C) Volcanism
D) Coal
Answer: A
Solution: Lead, zinc, and copper deposits; fold mountains along North Macedonia/Bulgaria.

56. Carpathians

Q63: Făgăraș Mountains are rich in:
A) Precious stones
B) Hydropower potential ✅
C) Volcanic activity
D) Coal
Answer: B
Solution: High peaks and rivers provide hydroelectric potential; part of Southern Carpathians.

Q64: Eastern Carpathians have which volcanic type?
A) Stratovolcanoes ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Dome
D) Fissure volcano
Answer: A
Solution: Extinct stratovolcanoes from Neogene volcanic arc.

57. Caucasus Mountains

Q65: Mount Elbrus is:
A) Highest peak of Europe ✅
B) Shield volcano
C) Dormant lava dome
D) Active cinder cone
Answer: A
Solution: Dormant stratovolcano; 5,642 m; tallest in Europe.

Q66: Bezengi Wall is located in:
A) Georgia ✅
B) Russia
C) Azerbaijan
D) Armenia
Answer: A
Solution: Part of Greater Caucasus; contains several peaks >5,000 m.

58. Iceland & Volcanism

Q67: Laki fissure eruption in 1783 produced:
A) Lava flows ✅
B) Maars
C) Caldera
D) Lava dome
Answer: A
Solution: Largest historic fissure eruption in Iceland; sulfur emissions caused famine.

Q68: Katla volcano eruptions are dangerous because:
A) Glacial floods (jökulhlaups) ✅
B) Lava flows
C) Dome collapse
D) Shield eruption
Answer: A
Solution: Subglacial volcano; meltwater floods can damage nearby areas.

59. Canary Islands

Q69: Teide volcano type:
A) Shield volcano ✅
B) Stratovolcano
C) Lava dome
D) Fissure volcano
Answer: A
Solution: Broad, gently sloping volcano; hotspot origin.

Q70: Cumbre Vieja 2021 eruption type:
A) Stratovolcano ✅
B) Shield
C) Dome
D) Maars
Answer: A
Solution: Explosive eruption producing lava flows; Canary hotspot.

60. Greece & Aegean Volcanism

Q71: Santorini volcanic formation:
A) Shield
B) Caldera ✅
C) Stratovolcano
D) Dome
Answer: B
Solution: Collapse caldera formed after Minoan eruption (~1600 BCE).

Q72: Hellenic Arc volcanism is due to:
A) Hotspot
B) Subduction of African Plate ✅
C) Divergent boundary
D) Continental rifting
Answer: B
Solution: Subduction leads to island arc volcanism (Santorini, Methana, Nisyros).

Q73: Mount Olympus is:
A) Fold mountain ✅
B) Stratovolcano
C) Dome
D) Shield
Answer: A
Solution: Highest peak in Greece (2,917 m); mythological importance.

61. Iceland (Hotspot & Rift)

Q74: Hekla eruption type:
A) Strombolian
B) Plinian
C) Mixed explosive ✅
D) Hawaiian
Answer: C
Solution: Explosive and effusive phases; frequent eruptions.

Q75: Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption caused:
A) Lava flows
B) Air travel disruption ✅
C) Jökulhlaups
D) Dome formation
Answer: B
Solution: Ash plume disrupted European aviation for several weeks.

Q76: Laki 1783 eruption:
A) Stratovolcano
B) Fissure eruption ✅
C) Shield volcano
D) Caldera collapse
Answer: B
Solution: Fissure eruption releasing massive lava and sulfur gases.

Q77: Icelandic volcanism is primarily due to:
A) Subduction
B) Divergent plate + hotspot ✅
C) Continental collision
D) Transform fault
Answer: B
Solution: Mid-Atlantic Ridge + Iceland hotspot create active volcanism.

62. Volcanic Concepts (General)

Q78: Shield volcano characteristics:
A) Broad slopes, low-viscosity lava ✅
B) Steep slopes, pyroclastics
C) Explosive only
D) Lava domes
Answer: A
Solution: Example: Teide; low-viscosity basaltic lava forms gentle slopes.

Q79: Stratovolcano/composite volcano:
A) Layered lava and pyroclastics ✅
B) Flat shield
C) Dome only
D) Maar
Answer: A
Solution: Alternating layers of lava, ash; prone to explosive eruptions.

Q80: Maars are formed by:
A) Effusive lava
B) Phreatomagmatic explosions ✅
C) Hawaiian lava flows
D) Dome eruptions
Answer: B
Solution: Explosive interaction of magma and groundwater forms crater lakes.

Q81: Plinian eruption:
A) Mild lava
B) Extremely explosive ✅
C) Hawaiian lava
D) Strombolian
Answer: B

63. Volcanic Concepts (Continued)

Q82: Strombolian eruption is characterized by:
A) Gentle lava flows
B) Frequent mild explosions ✅
C) Extremely explosive plumes
D) Dome collapse
Answer: B
Solution: Example: Stromboli, Italy; small but frequent explosions eject lava bombs.

Q83: Hawaiian eruption type is:
A) Explosive ash
B) Effusive lava flows ✅
C) Stratovolcano eruption
D) Phreatomagmatic
Answer: B
Solution: Low-viscosity lava spreads over large areas; examples: Mauna Loa, Icelandic flows.

Q84: Volcanic dome forms due to:
A) Low-viscosity lava
B) Highly viscous lava ✅
C) Fissure eruptions
D) Pyroclastic flows
Answer: B
Solution: Thick, sticky lava piles near vent forming domes; e.g., Montagne Pelée.

Q85: Caldera formation occurs due to:
A) Lava effusion
B) Magma chamber collapse ✅
C) Shield volcano
D) Strombolian eruptions
Answer: B
Solution: Magma empties below surface, causing collapse; Santorini is a classic example.

Q86: Mafic lava produces:
A) Basaltic low-viscosity flows ✅
B) Andesitic lava
C) Rhyolitic lava
D) Pyroclasts
Answer: A
Solution: Basaltic lava flows easily, forming shield volcanoes.

Q87: Felsic lava is:
A) Basaltic
B) Andesitic or rhyolitic, viscous ✅
C) Low-viscosity
D) Hawaiian type
Answer: B
Solution: Thick lava; forms stratovolcanoes, prone to explosive eruptions.

64. Iceland & Volcanic Activity 

Q88: Krafla volcano type:
A) Shield
B) Stratovolcano
C) Fissure ✅
D) Dome
Answer: C
Solution: Part of divergent Mid-Atlantic Ridge; frequent fissure eruptions.

Q89: Askja volcano is known for:
A) Lava flows
B) Caldera formation ✅
C) Dome eruption
D) Maars
Answer: B
Solution: Collapse caldera with crater lake; Icelandic rift zone.

Q90: Hekla volcano is a:
A) Shield
B) Stratovolcano ✅
C) Dome
D) Fissure
Answer: B
Solution: Stratovolcano; one of Iceland’s most active and explosive.

Q91: Katla eruptions produce:
A) Lava flows
B) Jökulhlaups (glacial floods) ✅
C) Lava domes
D) Shield eruptions
Answer: B
Solution: Subglacial eruption melts ice, causing catastrophic floods.

Q92: Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption type:
A) Hawaiian
B) Plinian ✅
C) Strombolian
D) Dome
Answer: B
Solution: Produced massive ash cloud affecting European air traffic.

65. Canary Islands (Volcanic Focus)

Q93: Teide volcano lava type:
A) Basaltic ✅
B) Rhyolitic
C) Andesitic
D) Felsic
Answer: A
Solution: Shield volcano with basaltic lava; hotspot origin.

Q94: Cumbre Vieja eruption 2021:
A) Effusive lava ✅
B) Maars
C) Caldera collapse
D) Pyroclastic flows only
Answer: A
Solution: Lava flows destroyed local villages; basaltic shield-style eruption.

66. Greece & Hellenic Volcanism

Q95: Santorini eruption ~1600 BCE:
A) Strombolian
B) Plinian ✅
C) Hawaiian
D) Shield
Answer: B
Solution: Mega-explosive eruption, forming caldera and Minoan collapse.

Q96: Hellenic volcanic arc is due to:
A) Hotspot
B) Subduction of African Plate ✅
C) Divergent boundary
D) Rift zone
Answer: B
Solution: Subduction causes island arc volcanism in Aegean Sea.

Q97: Methana volcano type:
A) Shield
B) Lava dome
C) Stratovolcano ✅
D) Fissure
Answer: C
Solution: Small stratovolcano on Peloponnese peninsula; part of Hellenic arc.

Q98: Nisyros volcano is:
A) Shield
B) Caldera ✅
C) Stratovolcano
D) Dome
Answer: B
Solution: Small caldera with active fumaroles; Hellenic volcanic arc.

Q99: Mount Olympus in Greece:
A) Stratovolcano
B) Fold mountain ✅
C) Shield
D) Dome
Answer: B
Solution: Highest Greek peak; mythological significance; no volcanic activity.

67. Volcanic Terminology & Concepts

Q100: Mafic vs. Felsic lava:
A) Both low-viscosity
B) Mafic low, felsic high viscosity ✅
C) Both explosive
D) Both effusive
Answer: B
Solution: Mafic = basaltic lava (gentle flows); Felsic = rhyolitic/andesitic (explosive).

Q101: Pyroclastic flow is:
A) Lava flow
B) Fast-moving hot ash and gases ✅
C) Dome collapse
D) Fissure eruption
Answer: B
Solution: Extremely dangerous; example: Vesuvius 79 CE.

Q102: Phreatomagmatic eruptions occur due to:
A) Interaction of magma & groundwater ✅
B) Lava flow only
C) Hawaiian eruption
D) Dome extrusion
Answer: A
Solution: Produces maars, tuff rings, and violent explosions.

Q103: Calderas are associated with:
A) Shield volcano
B) Collapse of magma chamber ✅
C) Effusive lava only
D) Lava domes
Answer: B
Solution: Large depression formed after massive eruption and magma withdrawal.

Q104: Shield volcano examples in Europe:
A) Teide, Canary Islands ✅
B) Stromboli
C) Etna
D) Vesuvius
Answer: A
Solution: Basaltic low-viscosity lava; broad gentle slopes.

Q105: Stratovolcano examples in Europe:
A) Etna, Stromboli ✅
B) Teide
C) Hekla only
D) Laki
Answer: A
Solution: Layered structure; explosive eruptions with lava and pyroclasts.