| Device | Function |
|---|---|
| Odometer / Odograph | Measures distance traveled by the vehicle |
| Speedometer / Speed meter | Measures the speed of the vehicle |
| Vehicle Headlight | Uses concave mirror to focus light |
| Topic | Details |
|---|---|
| Sirius | Brightest star in the night sky |
| Sunlight travel time | 8 minutes 20 seconds from Sun to Earth |
| Dwarf stars | Very long lifespan (tens-hundreds of billions of years), slow nuclear reactions |
| Giant stars | Short lifespan (millions-billions years), rapid nuclear reactions |
| Lifespan Comparison | Dwarf Star >>> Giant Star |
| Nuclear Reaction Rate | Giant Star >>> Dwarf Star |
| Phenomenon | Example / Note |
|---|---|
| Refraction | Twinkling of stars, looming effect (ships appear inverted) |
| Dispersion | Rainbow formation, splitting of sunlight |
| Total Internal Reflection (TIR) | Overbrightness of diamond, optical fiber operation |
| Scattering | Blue sky, red sun at sunrise/sunset, sea appears blue |
| Interference | Soap bubbles, kerosene films on water |
| Blindspot | Area where optic nerve connects retina |
| Retina | Contains rods and cones for photoreception |
| Astigmatism | Corrected by cylindrical lens |
| Contact lenses | Made of Hydrogel |
| Looming | Ships appear inverted in cold countries due to refraction |
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Timbre | Helps distinguish sounds of same pitch and loudness |
| Noise Levels | 0-30 dB: Practically inaudible 31-45 dB: Silent sounds 46-65 dB: Standard conversation 66-90 dB: Electric beard trimmers 91-100 dB: Cars without mufflers 101-125 dB: Aircraft takeoff 125+ dB: Rocket/shipping takeoff |
| Constant speed particle | Covers equal distance in equal interval of time |
| Eye/Condition | Lens Used |
|---|---|
| Myopia (nearsighted) | Concave lens |
| Hypermetropia (farsighted) | Convex lens |
| Vehicle headlights | Concave mirrors focus light |
| Blindspot | Optic nerve connects to retina |
| Phenomenon | Detail |
|---|---|
| Electroscope | Tests if an object carries charge |
| Paramagnetic substances | Feeble magnetization in direction of magnetic field (χ>0). Examples: Mn, Al, Cr, Pt |
| Ferromagnetic substances | Strong magnetization (χ>1000). Examples: Fe, Co, Ni |
| Diamagnetic substances | Feeble magnetization opposite to field (χ<0). Examples: Bi, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn |
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Hot water | Lower surface tension |
| Radiation thermometer | Called pyrometer |
| Crookes glass | Cuts off UV rays |
| Concept | Detail |
|---|---|
| Static friction | Greater than sliding friction |
| Tightly stretched band | Produces sound by vibration |
| Potential energy | Energy stored due to shape or position |
| Phenomenon | Example |
|---|---|
| Refraction | Twinkling of stars |
| Surface phenomena | Kerosene on water, soap bubbles (interference) |
| Sea water | Speed of sound > distilled water |
| Concept | Detail |
|---|---|
| Scattering | Blue sky, red sun at sunset/sunrise, humid days before rain (light blue) |
| Ringelmann scale | Measures density/opacity of smoke |
| Planet | Composition |
|---|---|
| Saturn | Hydrogen 96%, Helium 3.25%, Methane, Ammonia |
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Photoreceptor cells | Present in retina (rods and cones) |
| Barometer | Reading decreases when elevator moves upward with increasing speed |
| Recombinant vector vaccines | Genetically engineered using harmless organism to mimic virus |
| Mitochondrial replacement therapy | Prevents passing mitochondrial diseases from mother to child |
| Virus types | Adenovirus: dsDNA; Retrovirus (HIV): ssRNA, uses reverse transcriptase |
| X-ray | Used to see inside pearls |
| Sulphites | Preserve food and beverages, slow browning/discoloration |
| Hydrogel | Material for contact lenses |
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Carburetor | Used in petrol engine |
| Usage | Example |
|---|---|
| Radar | Detects rain, snow, hail; tracks animal migration (birds) |
| Device | Function |
|---|---|
| Odometer | Measures distance traveled |
| Speedometer | Measures vehicle speed |
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Graphite | Most stable form of carbon |
| Fullerene | Lightest form of carbon |
| Plucking band | Produces sound by vibration |
| Carbohydrates / Energy | Potential energy stored due to position/shape |