What makes a tribe? Anthropologists propose a “spectrum” model over binary classification

IN NEWS:

What makes a tribe? Anthropologists propose a “spectrum” model over binary classification

Analysis

1. Context:
   • A paradigm shift is being discussed in how India defines “tribes”.
   • Instead of a binary classification (tribe/non-tribe), top anthropologists propose assessing communities on a “spectrum of tribalness.”
   • The idea was discussed at the Indian Anthropology Congress, attended by senior officials from the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST).
2. Current System and Its Limitations:
   • Present criteria are based on the Lokur Committee (1965)—
     1. Primitive traits
     2. Distinctive culture
     3. Geographical isolation
     4. Shyness of contact
     5. Backwardness
   • Experts now consider these criteria “obsolete”, “derogatory”, and “meaningless” in the modern context.
   • Few communities fully meet all five parameters.
3. Proposed Framework – ‘Degree of Tribalness’ Matrix:
   • A new tool or scale could include up to 150 indicators to assess the “degree of tribalness”.
   • Indicators may include both tangible (language, material culture, geography) and intangible (rituals, kinship, social institutions) characteristics.
   • This matrix would allow classification based on a continuum, not rigid criteria.
4. Institutional Role:
   • The AnSI and NCST aim to provide structured guidelines for Ethnographic Reports (ER) prepared during inclusion/exclusion decisions for Scheduled Tribe status.
   • The new approach aligns with constitutional mandates and may improve accuracy in policymaking.
5. Background and Attempts at Reform:
   • Over 756 entries exist in the current ST list; at least 27 communities were added since the 2011 Census.
   • The Hrusikesh Panda Task Force (2014) earlier recommended updating the Lokur criteria — but the government decided to continue with the old system.
   • Experts argue that adopting a “civilisational” approach, instead of a purely “evolutionary” one, would better reflect India’s socio-historical context.
6. Significance:
   • Could reduce inter-community tensions over ST inclusion.
   • Offers a scientific and inclusive way to identify genuinely marginalized groups.
   • Ensures recognition of diverse cultural and social realities across India’s regions.

Static Information (for UPSC Prelims & Mains)

• Lokur Committee (1965): Formed to define criteria for Scheduled Tribes; its framework still guides inclusion/exclusion.
• Constitutional Provision:
  • Article 342 – President notifies Scheduled Tribes for each State/UT.
  • Parliament can amend the list through legislation.
• Institutions Involved:
  • Ministry of Tribal Affairs – nodal agency.
  • National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) – Article 338A.
  • Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) – conducts ethnographic and cultural research.
• Example of Recent Demand:
  • Meitei community (Manipur) demanded ST status, triggering ethnic conflict opposed by Kuki-Zo and Naga tribes.

Updated – 15 March 2025 ; 10:07 PM | The Hindu

Source:The Hindu – What makes a tribe? Top anthropologists say the answer lies on a spectrum, not in a binary classification