1. Comments on Indian Constitution (General Nature)
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
→ “The Constitution is workable, flexible and strong enough to hold the country together.” - K. C. Wheare
→ “Quasi-federal Constitution.” - Ivor Jennings
→ “Federation with strong centralising tendency.” - Granville Austin
→ “First and foremost a social document.”
2. Comments on Preamble
- N. A. Palkhivala
→ “Identity card of the Constitution.” - Ernest Barker
→ “Key to the Constitution.”
3. Comments on Fundamental Rights
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
→ “Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution.” - Granville Austin
→ Fundamental Rights + DPSP together form the “conscience of the Constitution.”
4. Comments on DPSP (Directive Principles of State Policy)
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
→ “A novel feature of the Indian Constitution.” - Granville Austin
→ Along with FR, DPSP form the “conscience of the Constitution.”
5. Comments on Fundamental Duties
- Swaran Singh Committee
→ Recommended incorporation of Fundamental Duties (42nd Amendment, 1976) - Standard Accepted View:
→ Fundamental Duties are moral obligations of citizens (non-justiciable).
6. Comments on Constituent Assembly
- Granville Austin
→ Described it as a body that reflected national consensus and deliberation
7. Important Authentic Descriptive Terms
- Ivor Jennings
→ “Lawyer’s paradise.” - Standard Accepted Academic Phrase:
→ “Borrowed Constitution” / “Bag of borrowings” (due to multiple sources like UK, USA, Ireland, Canada) - Granville Austin
→ Constitution aims at “social revolution.”
8. Highly Reliable Combined Concepts (VERY IMPORTANT)
- Fundamental Rights + DPSP
→ “Conscience of the Constitution” – Granville Austin - Article 32
→ “Heart and Soul of the Constitution” – Ambedkar - Preamble
→ “Identity card” – Palkhivala - Nature of Constitution
→ “Quasi-federal” – K.C. Wheare