| Term | Father | Key Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Biology | Aristotle | First systematic study of life |
| Modern Biology | Charles Darwin | Evolution theory |
| Genetics | Gregor Mendel | Laws of inheritance |
| Evolution | Charles Darwin | Natural selection |
| Taxonomy | Carl Linnaeus | Classification system |
| Microbiology | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | First observed microbes |
| Bacteriology | Robert Koch | Disease-causing bacteria |
| Immunology | Edward Jenner | First vaccine |
| Blood Circulation | William Harvey | Circulatory system |
| Paleontology | Georges Cuvier | Fossil study |
| Ecology | Ernst Haeckel | Coined ecology |
| Cell Biology | Robert Hooke | Discovered cell |
| DNA Structure | James Watson & Francis Crick | Double helix |
| Term | Father | Key Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Modern Chemistry | Antoine Lavoisier | Law of conservation |
| Periodic Table | Dmitri Mendeleev | Element classification |
| Atomic Theory | John Dalton | Atom concept |
| Organic Chemistry | Friedrich Wöhler | Urea synthesis |
| Physical Chemistry | Wilhelm Ostwald | Reaction kinetics |
| Biochemistry | Justus von Liebig | Metabolism |
| Nuclear Chemistry | Marie Curie | Radioactivity |
| Electrochemistry | Michael Faraday | Electrolysis |
| Quantum Chemistry | Linus Pauling | Bonding theory |
| Term | Father | Key Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Physics | Isaac Newton | Laws of motion |
| Modern Physics | Albert Einstein | Relativity |
| Quantum Mechanics | Max Planck | Quantum theory |
| Electricity | Benjamin Franklin | Charge concept |
| Electromagnetism | James Clerk Maxwell | EM waves |
| Nuclear Physics | Ernest Rutherford | Atom nucleus |
| Thermodynamics | Sadi Carnot | Heat engine |
| Optics | Ibn al-Haytham | Light theory |
| Astronomy | Galileo Galilei | Telescope use |
| Term | Father | Key Contribution |
|---|---|---|
| Ecology | Ernst Haeckel | Defined ecology |
| Environmental Science | Eugene Odum | Ecosystem concept |
| Biodiversity | E.O. Wilson | Popularized term |
| Forestry | Dietrich Brandis | Forest management |
| Wildlife Conservation | Aldo Leopold | Conservation ethics |
| Green Revolution | Norman Borlaug | High-yield crops |
| Indian Green Revolution | M. S. Swaminathan | HYV seeds India |
| Sustainable Development | Gro Harlem Brundtland | Brundtland Report |
| Chipko Movement | Sunderlal Bahuguna | Forest conservation |