DIGITAL INDIA, AI & LANGUAGE TECHNOLOGY

The BHASHINI Initiative was launched in July 2022 under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. It is an AI-powered national language translation mission supporting 22 scheduled Indian languages for voice-to-voice and text-to-text translation. As of early 2026, it supports 36 text languages and has expanded to 57 total languages (22 Indian + 35 foreign).VoicERA (2026) is an open-source, modular, interoperable voice AI stack built on BHASHINI. It follows a multi-stakeholder model involving:

• MeitY
• DIBD
• EkStep Foundation
• IIIT Bengaluru (COSS)
• AI4Bharat
• IIT Madras

Adi-Vaani focuses on tribal language preservation, supporting Santali, Bhili, Mundari, Gondi.

BharatGen develops text-to-text and text-to-speech AI models using SPPEL and Sanchika datasets, and received ₹988 crore funding under IndiaAI Mission.

Supporting Data Ecosystem

• SPPEL (2013) → Documentation of endangered languages
• Sanchika (CIIL) → Digital repository (text, audio, video)
• TRI-ECE Scheme → AI-based tribal translation
• GeMAI → Multilingual procurement assistant
• e-KUMBH & Anuvadini → Multilingual education platforms

The Central Institute of Indian Languages, established 17 July 1969, plays a key role in language preservation.

GOVERNANCE, ADMINISTRATION & POLICY

The iGOT Karmayogi platform, developed under Mission Karmayogi by Department of Personnel and Training, provides capacity building for civil servants.The 105th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2021 restored States’ power to identify OBCs.

Citizenship Provisions

• Articles 5–11 → Citizenship at commencement (1950)
• Article 10 → Continuity of citizenship
• Article 11 → Parliament’s power

Under the Citizenship Act, 1955:

• Section 3 → Citizenship by birth
• Section 4 → By descent
• Section 5 → By registration
• Section 6 → By naturalisation (11 years)
• Section 6B (CAA 2019) → Residency reduced to 5 years, excluding Sixth Schedule & ILP areas

ECONOMY, AGRICULTURE & MSP SYSTEM

The Minimum Support Price (MSP) is a non-statutory, administrative policy, revised twice yearly:

• June → Kharif crops
• October → Rabi crops

It is recommended by CACP and approved by CCEA, with the present formula in use since Union Budget 2018–19.

MSP Crop Basket

Cost Concepts

• A2 → Paid-out costs
• FL → Family labour value
• C2 → Includes land rent + capital interest

Key trends:

• Highest absolute increase → Nigerseed
• Highest % increase → Ragi (₹1650 → ₹4886, ~196%)

Criticism:

• Encourages monocropping
• Causes regional imbalance
• Leads to groundwater depletion (paddy, wheat)

The MSP ecosystem is supported by PM-AASHA (Price Support Scheme).

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & HEALTH

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder caused by loss of dopamine-producing neurons, leading to:

• Tremors
• Rigidity
• Bradykinesia (slow movement)
  There is no cure, only symptom management.

Researchers at Institute of Nano Science and Technology developed a nanotechnology-based biosensor for early detection before symptoms appear.

Nanotechnology Background

• Richard Feynman → Father of nanotechnology
• Norio Taniguchi (1974) → Coined the term

India upgraded 4 Technology Innovation Hubs into TTRPs:

• IIT Indore
• IISc Bangalore
• IIT Kanpur
• IIT (ISM) Dhanbad

A Bose Metal state was observed in niobium diselenide (NbSe₂), where Cooper pairs exist without superconductivity, challenging classical theory.

SCIENCE EVENTS, AGRICULTURE & GLOBAL DATA

India became the world’s largest rice producer (2024–25):

• Growth: 40 million tonnes (1969–70) → ~150 million tonnes
• Share: ~28% of global output

The 11th India International Science Festival (IISF) 2025:

• Location → Panchkula, Haryana
• Dates → 06–09 December 2025
• Theme → “Vigyan Se Samruddhi: for Aatmanirbhar Bharat”
• Lead Ministry → Ministry of Earth Sciences
• Coordinating Agency → IITM Pune
• Launched → 2015

INDUSTRY, INFRASTRUCTURE & STATE INITIATIVES

At Suzuki Motor plant, Hansalpur (Ahmedabad):

• Global launch of “e VITARA” EV
• Start of hybrid battery electrode production in India

Bihar Industrial Investment Promotion Package (BIPPP-2025)

• Capital subsidy → Up to 30%
• Land incentives:
  • 10 acres free → ₹100 crore investment
  • 25 acres → ₹1000 crore investment
• Special provisions for Fortune 500 companies

The National Makhana Board was inaugurated by Narendra Modi on 15 September 2025 in Purnea (Bihar) with a ₹476.03 crore package and ₹100 crore initial allocation.

Mithila Makhana received GI tag in 2022.

GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT & WATER PROJECTS

• Baglihar Dam → Located on Chenab River
• Sawalkot Hydroelectric Project → Chenab basin

Saddle Dam:

• Auxiliary structure across low reservoir points
• Example → GERD (Ethiopia):
  • 5 km long, 50 m high
  • Holds ~89% live storage

Mekedatu Project → Associated with Cauvery River

ECONOMY, DIGITAL & STARTUP ECOSYSTEM

A Bengaluru startup Muse Wearables, in collaboration with National Payments Corporation of India, launched India’s first wearable payments ecosystem using RuPay, incubated at IIT Madras.

Gaming Sector

• 591 million users (2025) → ~40% of India
• Global share → ~20%
• Growth:
  • $800M → $1.8B (2019–2020)
  • CAGR (2020–23) → 28%
  • Expected → $9.2B by 2029 (20% CAGR)

SPORTS & BIHAR FACTS

India achieved its best-ever performance at the World Para Athletics Championships (New Delhi):

• 22 medals → 6 Gold, 9 Silver, 7 Bronze

Bihar representation:

• Shailesh Kumar → Gold (High Jump T63), Asian Record
• Praveen Kumar → Bronze (UP association; cautious for exams)

Institutions

• Bihar Chess Association (1968)
• Bihar State Sports Authority (2023)

Smita Khelo India Women’s Weightlifting Championship 2025 held in Berhampur, Odisha.Vijay Hazare Trophy 2025–26 Final → Vidarbha defeated SaurashtraBoard of Control for Cricket in India established 1928, HQ Mumbai

PARLIAMENTARY & POLITICAL FACTS

• General Purpose Committee → Handles matters not under other committees
• Baijayant Panda is Chairperson of Committee on Public Undertakings

SPACE SCIENCE – ADITYA-L1 MISSION

Aditya-L1, by Indian Space Research Organisation:

• First solar observatory mission
• Orbit → L1 (1.5 million km from Earth)
• Reached → 6 January 2024
• Launch → PSLV-C57 (2023)

Payloads (7 instruments)

• VELC
• SUIT
• SoLEXS
• HEL1OS
• ASPEX

Achievement:

• First near-Sun spectroscopic observation of CMEs
• Collaboration → IIA + NASA

HISTORY & FREEDOM STRUGGLE

• Harshavardhana (606–647 CE)
• Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529)
• Rajaraja Chola I (985–1014 CE)
• Babur → First to use title “Badshah”, promoted gunpowder warfare
• Valentine Chirol → Called Bal Gangadhar Tilak “Father of Indian Unrest”
• Winston Churchill → Called Mahatma Gandhi “seditious half-naked fakir” (1931)
• Tagore → Renounced knighthood (1919 context)
• Gandhi → Returned Kaiser-i-Hind medal
• Hunter Committee (1919) → Investigated Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

During Champaran Satyagraha (1917), Mazharul Haque supported Gandhi and worked for peasants.

SCIENCE & CHEMISTRY FACTS

• Meiosis in zygote → Produces haploid cells (chromosome halved)
• Hydrofluoric acid → Cannot be stored in glass (reacts with silica)
• Bromine → Stored in dark glass bottles (light sensitive)

MISCELLANEOUS & LITERATURE

• Kaithi script → Derived from Gupta script, used since 16th century
• India’s Struggle for Independence (1988) → Bipan Chandra
• Deenbandhu (1877) → Bhalekar (Satyashodhak Samaj)
• Indian Nationalism (1917) → Bipin Chandra Pal

ECONOMY, PIPELINE & ENERGY

• Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga (JHBDPL) → 97.6% complete, length 3306 km
• Executed by GAIL (India) Limited
• Connects Patna, Barauni and other cities
• Durgapur–Kolkata pipeline (132 km) completed by Engineers India Limited
• CGD project worth ₹1010 crore launched in Alipurduar & Cooch Behar

GLOBAL & MISSION

Mission 300:

• Led by World Bank + African Development Bank
• Goal → Electricity access to 300 million people in Africa by 2030