| Hormone | Source | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Oxytocin | Pituitary gland | Labor, delivery, lactation, human behavior, milk release |
| Estrogen (Oestrogen) | Ovaries | Sex hormone, female characteristics |
| Progesterone | Ovaries | Sustains pregnancy |
| Insulin | β-cells of Islets of Langerhans, Pancreas | Controls carbohydrate metabolism, regulates blood glucose |
| Glucagon | α-cells of Islets of Langerhans, Pancreas | Raises blood glucose by glycogen breakdown |
| Adrenaline | Adrenal glands | Fight-or-flight response |
| Aldosterone | Adrenal cortex | Regulates water and salt balance |
| Melatonin | Pineal gland | Regulates sleep, circadian rhythm |
| Calcitonin | Thyroid gland | Controls calcium balance |
Other Notes:
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Largest unit | DNA |
| Smallest unit | Gene |
| Mutation | Sudden change in DNA |
| Oncogenes | Associated with cancer |
| DNA sequencing | Determines nucleotide variations in genetic diseases |
| Arthur Kornberg | Synthesized DNA in vitro |
| Vitamin | Chemical Name | Deficiency Disease | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Retinol | Night blindness, Xerophthalmia | Eggs, liver, butter, spinach, carrot, mango |
| D | Calciferol | Rickets | Milk, fish, liver oil, sunlight |
| D2 | Ergocalciferol | Rickets | Plant sources |
| D3 | Cholecalciferol | — | Animal sources |
| E | Tocopherol | Muscle damage | Green leafy vegetables, liver, eggs, nuts, seeds |
| K | Phylloquinone | Excessive bleeding | Green leafy vegetables (broccoli, spinach, kale) |
| B1 | Thiamine | Beri-Beri | Pork, nuts, seeds, eggs, whole grains |
| B2 | Riboflavin | Growth retardation, cheilosis | Milk, green leafy vegetables, whole grains |
| B3 | Niacin | Pellagra | Meat, fish, grains, poultry, mushroom |
| B6 | Pyridoxine | Anemia | — |
| B9 | Folic acid | — | — |
| B12 | Cyanocobalamin | Anemia | Meat, poultry, fish, seeds (not in plants) |
| C | Ascorbic acid | — | Lime, lemon, oranges, strawberries, tomato, papaya, mango |
Vitamin Combinations:
| Enzyme | Source | Function |
|---|---|---|
| Ptyalin (Salivary amylase) | Salivary glands | Hydrolyzes starch → sugars |
| Maltase | Small intestine | Converts maltose → glucose |
| Pepsin | Stomach | Protein digestion |
| Trypsin | Pancreas | Protein digestion |
| Lipase | Pancreas | Fats → glycerol + fatty acids |
| Protease | Pancreas | Proteins → amino acids |
| Alkaline phosphatase | Liver | — |
Other Notes:
| Component | Function |
|---|---|
| Lymphocytes | White blood cells, immune defense |
| Erythrocytes | Carry oxygen using hemoglobin |
| Thrombocytes | Platelets, clot formation |
| Clinical death | Pulse & heart beat stop |
Female mosquitoes: Anopheles body rests at an angle; Culex rests parallel to substratum.Bisexual flowers: Rose, Lily, Tulip, Mustard, Tomato, Hibiscus, Sunflower, Daffodil, Brinjal, Mango.
Unisexual flowers: Papaya, Coconut, Cucumber, Watermelon, White mulberry, Maize, Castor bean, Musk melon, Snake gourd, Tapioca.
| Disease | Causative agent / Vector | Vaccine / Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | BCG |
| Tetanus | Clostridium tetani | ATS / DTaP / Tdap |
| Malaria | Anopheles mosquitoes | Chloroquine |
| Filariasis | Culex quinquefasciatus | — |
| Botulism | Clostridium botulinum | — |
| Zika Virus | Virus | — |
| Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae | — |
| Alzheimer’s | Brain disorder | — |
Other:
| Organism | Feature |
|---|---|
| Viruses | Require host to reproduce |
| Bacteria | Cytoplasm present, used in medicines |
| Protozoa | Amoeba |
| Fungi | Multicellular, yeast reproduces by budding |
| Mycoplasma | Smallest autonomous organism |
| Topic | Detail |
|---|---|
| Apical meristem | Growth in stem/root length |
| Aerenchyma | Provides buoyancy to aquatic plants |
| Collenchyma | Flexibility in plants |
| Parenchyma | Living tissue |
| Meristematic tissue | Produces new cells |
| Vegetative propagation | Asexual reproduction via stems, roots, leaves |
| Xylem | Unidirectional water transport |
| Cyanobacteria | First photosynthetic oxygen-liberating organisms, nitrogen fixation |
Plant Types:
Plant Tissue Notes:
| Topic | Feature |
|---|---|
| Stapes | Smallest bone |
| Tendons | Muscle → bone |
| Cartilage | Bone → bone |
| Muscles | Shorten (contract), lengthen (relax); sarcomere changes |
| Brain lobes | Medulla: involuntary, heartbeat, breathing; Thalamus: sensory relay; Hypothalamus: temperature, appetite, hormones; Cerebellum: motor coordination |
| Eye | Retina, iris controls pupil size |
| Lungs | 5 lobes (3 right, 2 left); alveoli → gas exchange |
Other Notes:
| Organelle | Animal | Plant | Function |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Present | Present | Genetic control, cell division |
| Mitochondria | Present | Present | Energy production |
| Golgi apparatus | Present | Present | Transport, secretion |
| Ribosomes | Large | Small | Protein synthesis |
| Lysosomes | Present | Absent | Waste disposal |
| Cytoplasm | Present | Present | Metabolism |
| Cell wall | Absent | Cellulose | Structural support |
| Plasma membrane | Present | Present | Semi-permeable barrier |
| Vacuole | Small/many | Large/central | Storage |
Other Notes:
| Compound / Material | Use / Note |
|---|---|
| Teflon | Polymer of tetrafluoroethylene |
| Vanaspati ghee | Hydrogen used in manufacture |
| Butane gas | Lighting cigarettes |
| Lexan | Thermoplastic polycarbonate resin |
| Distillation | Separates mixture based on boiling point |
| Tartaric acid | Unripe mangoes, grapes |
| Formic acid | Ants |
| Acetic acid | Vinegar |
| Food | Nutrients |
|---|---|
| Milk | Water 87.5%, Protein 3.4%, Fat 3.9%, Lactose & Minerals 5.2%, Calcium, Mg, P, Vit D, Vit B12, K, Zinc |
| Human energy storage | Glycogen in liver & muscles |